讲稿-电力市场-电自09-2-basic concepts form economics.pdf

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1、2Basicconceptsfromeconomics经济学基础OutlineFundamentalsofmarkets/市场原理Conceptsfromthetheoryofthefirm/企业理论的基本概念Typesofmarkets/市场类型Marketswithimperfectcompetition/不完全竞争市场FundamentalsofmarketsMarket/市场AplacewherebuyersandsellersmeettoseeifdealscanbemadeModelingtheconsumers/消费者模型Model

2、ingtheproducers/生产者模型Marketequilibrium/市场均衡Modelingtheconsumers/消费者模型Individualdemand/个人需求1.2I'dratherhaveabanana!1.0Snack0.8Snackandlunch0.6Snack,lunchandapplepiePriceofapples0.4Makesomecidertoo!0.202468101214numberofapplesSurplus/剩余Grossconsumer’ssurplus/总消费者剩余Thetotalvaluethat

3、youattachtothegoods/消费者认同的商品总价值1.21.00.80.6MaketpricePriceofapples0.40.202468101214numberofapplesSurplus(cont.)netconsumer’ssurplus(consumer’ssurplus)/净消费者剩余（消费者剩余）Thedifferencebetweenthegrossconsumer’ssurplusandtheexpenseofpurchasingthegoods1.21.00.80.6MaketpricePriceofapples0.40.

4、202468101214numberofapplesDemandandinversedemandfunctions/需求与反需求函数Inversedemandfunction/反需求函数Price−1π=D(q)Demandfunction/需求函数q=D(π)QuantityElasticityofdemand/需求弹性Priceelasticityofdemand/需求的价格弹性Pricedqqπdqε==dπqdππQuantityModelingtheproducts/生产者模型Inversesupplyfunction/反供应函数Price−1

5、π=S(q)Supplyfunction/供应函数q=S(π)QuantityProducers’revenue/生产者收入Priceproducers'profitornetsurplusmarketpriceproducers'revenueQuantityElasticityofsupply/供应弹性Pricedqπ2qπdqε==dπqdππ1πqqQuantity12Marketequilibrium/市场均衡Assumption/假设Perfectlycompetitivemarket/完全竞争市场PriceEquilibriumprice/

6、均衡价格DemandcurveThequantitythatthesuppliersarewillingtoprovideisequal∗tothequantitythattheπconsumerswishtoobtain/生产者愿意提供的数量恰好等于消费者希望购买的数量Supplycurve∗QuantityqGlobalwelfare/总体福利Globalwelfare=netconsumers’surplus+producers’profit/总体福利＝消费者剩余＋生产者利润Theglobalwelfareismaximumwhenacompetit

7、ivemarketisallowedtooperatefreelyandthepricesettlesattheintersectionofthesupplyanddemandcurves/在自由竞争市场中，当价格处于供应曲线与需求曲线的交点位置时，总体福利达到最大值Globalwelfareanddeadweightloss/总体福利与无谓损失Pricedeadweightloss∗ππ1Quantityqq∗1Summary/小结Pricedeadweightloss∗ππ1Quantityqq∗1Conceptsfromthetheoryofthefirm

8、企业理论的基本概念Inp