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1、GeorgeBernardShaw (1856-1950)GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950)wasborninDublin,thesonofacivilservant.Hiseducationwasirregular,duetohisdislikeofanyorganizedtraining.Afterworkinginanestateagent'sofficeforawhilehemovedtoLondonasayoungman(1876),whereheestablishedhimselfasaleadingmusicandtheatrecriticinth
2、eeightiesandninetiesandbecameaprominentmemberoftheFabianSociety(explanation),forwhichhecomposedmanypamphlets.Hebeganhisliterarycareerasanovelist;asaferventadvocateofthenewtheatreofIbsen(TheQuintessenceofIbsenism,1891)hedecidedtowriteplaysinordertoillustratehiscriticismoftheEnglishstage.Hisearli
3、estdramaswerecalledappropriatelyPlaysPleasantandUnpleasant(1898).Amongthese,Widower'sHousesandMrs.Warren'sProfessionsavagelyattacksocialhypocrisy,whileinplayssuchasArmsandtheManandTheManofDestinythecriticismislessfierce.Shaw'sradicalrationalism,hisutterdisregardofconventions,hiskeendialecticint
4、erestandverbalwitoftenturnthestageintoaforumofideas,andnowheremoreopenlythaninthefamousdiscoursesontheLifeForce,«DonJuaninHell»,thethirdactofthedramatizationofwoman'slovechaseofman,ManandSuperman(1903).Intheplaysofhislaterperioddiscussionsometimesdrownsthedrama,inBacktoMethuselah(1921),although
5、inthesameperiodheworkedonhismasterpieceSaintJoan(1923),inwhichherewritesthewell-knownstoryoftheFrenchmaidenandextendsitfromtheMiddleAgestothepresent.OtherimportantplaysbyShawareCaesarandCleopatra(1901),ahistoricalplayfilledwithallusionstomoderntimes,andAndroclesandtheLion(1912),inwhichheexercis
6、edakindofretrospectivehistoryandfrommodernmovementsdrewdeductionsfortheChristianera.InMajorBarbara(1905),oneofShaw'smostsuccessful«discussion»plays,theaudience'sattentionisheldbythepowerofthewittyargumentationthatmancanachieveaestheticsalvationonlythroughpoliticalactivity,notasanindividual.TheD
7、octor'sDilemma(1906),facetiouslyclassifiedasatragedybyShaw,isreallyacomedythehumourofwhichisdirectedatthemedicalprofession.Candida(1898),withsocialattitudestowardsexrelationsasobjectsofhissatire,andPygmalion(1912),awittystudyofpho
