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1、第35卷第6期海洋工程Vol.35No.62017年11月THEOCEANENGINEERINGNov.2017文章编号:1005-9865(2017)06-0143-12美国滨海核电厂取水设施及生态影响分析和启示魏新渝,熊小伟,王一川,徐海峰,李帷,商照荣(环境保护部核与辐射安全中心,北京100082)摘要:介绍美国滨海18个核电厂址(共31台核电机组)取水设施特点及其生态影响。可以看出,在取水设施设计上,美国大部分核电厂采取了减小取水设施对水生生物的撞击和夹带的影响措施,包括采用闭式循环冷却系统;设置改进型滤网及滤网清洗和鱼回流系统
2、;降低穿过滤网流速;设置离岸蘑菇头式取水口;减小取水流量;在取水设施外围设置屏障网等。虽然采取了一些控制措施,由历年监测数据可以看出,美国有些厂址的冷却水取水设施对鱼类、贝类等水生生物的夹带、撞击影响可能为中等水平,甚至是大的。与我国滨海厂址取水设施比较可以看出,我国大部分核电厂未采取减小取水影响的措施。并且,我国核电厂址机组数量较多,冷却水取水量较大,取水可能带来的生态影响不容忽视。因此,应结合厂址特性优化冷却水取水设施位置、设计、建造和能力,以反映最佳适用技术(BTA),最小化环境的负面影响。关键词:核电厂;取水设施;撞击;夹带;滨
3、海;生态影响;冷却水中图分类号:TV671;X771文献标志码:ADOI:10.16483/j.issn.1005-9865.2017.06.017AnalysisofwaterintakestructuresandtheirecologicalimpactsofNPPsinAmericancoastalareasandtheenlightenmentWEIXinyu,XIONGXiaowei,WANGYichuan,XUHaifeng,LIWei,SHANGZhaorong(NuclearandRadiationSafetyCente
4、r,MinistryofEnvironmentalProtection,Beijing100082,China)Abstract:Thecharacteristicsofcoolingwaterintakestructures(CWIS)andtheirecologicaleffectsof18Americannuclearpowerplants(NPPs)locatedincoastalareas(atotalof31units)areanalyzed.ItisfoundthatforthedesignsofCWIS,mostAmer
5、icanNPPshavetakenmeasurestoreducetheimpactofCWISonaquaticorganismentrainmentandimpingement.Thesemeasuresincludeconstructingclosed-cyclerecirculatingsystem;usingmodifiedtravellingscreenwithscreen-washsystemandfishreturnsystem;reducingthrough-screenvelocities;constructingf
6、aroffshorevelocitycaps;reducingwaterintakeflows;andinstallingbarriernetsattheperipheralsitesoftheCWIS.Basedonthemonitoringdataofdecades,itisfoundthatwiththesemeasures,theadverseimpactsoffishandshellfishimpingementandentrainmentaresmallatmanyNPPs,buttheymaybemoderateoreve
7、nlargeatafewNPPsduringtheCWISoperations.ComparedwithChina’sNPPs’CWIS,itcanbeseenthatmostNPPsinChinadonottakeanymeasuretoreduceCWISecologicalimpacts.AstheChineseNPPs’siteshavemoreunits,morecoolingwateristakenbyCWIS,andtheecologicalimpactsofCWISmaybemoreobvious.Therefore,w
8、eneedtooptimizethelocation,design,construction,andcapacityofcoolingwaterintakestructuresbasedontheanaly