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1、HowtoWriteGoodTopicSentencesnina段落是文章的缩影。写好了段落,就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。经过中学英语基础阶段的学习之后,大学英语的写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。段落(paragraph)是由表达单一中心思想(controllingideaorcentralidea)的一组句子(包括主题句topicsentence,推展句supportingsentences及结论句concludingsentence)构成,是文章结构的基本独立单位。本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。如何写好主题句:1.取
2、材立意2.遣词造句3.衔接过渡4.修辞表达5.逻辑思辩1.取材立意主题句由两部分组成,即主题(topic)和中心思想(controllingidea)。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络,所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围,两者不可分割。没有导向,内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约,内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。 对于初学写作的人来说,“导向”的重要性容易理解,但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句,就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如:Therearetwowaysinwhichonec
3、anownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyouhavemadeitapartofyourselfandthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.本段的主题句如果没有inwhich引出的定语从句,那么twoways不仅不能起制约作用,而且也不能起导向作用,句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.A22-yearstudywasconductedby
4、doctorsinCalifornia.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds,theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape."Exerciseisbeneficial"这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上"toyourheart"来加以
5、control和limit,那就流于空泛。Asauniversitystudent,avarietyofpersonalqualitiesarerequired,includingaggressiveness,initiative,responsibility,sincerityandsoon,amongwhich,themostimportant,inmyopinion,isaggressiveness.Inordertobeacompetentcollegestudent,weshouldpossessawealthofqualities,amongwh
6、ichhonesty,inmyopinion,istheessential.这个主题句写得比较成功,内容丰富,交代了主题的目的。此外,视野开阔,主题honesty是许多优秀品质(awealthofqualities)之一,有一点层次感。不少学生会这样写:“Ithinkhonestyisanimportantqualityforacollegestudent.”这就比较单薄。Indeed,crimehasbeendisturbingtheAmericanpeopleandhasbecomeaserioussocialproblemjustnexttotheun
7、employmentproblem.Somefiguresareterrifying:1of4Americanshasbeenavictimofsomekindofcrimes;nearly22millioncrimecasesoccurredlastyearthroughoutthecountry.Asimplearithmeticcalculationindicatesthatonaverage,acrimeisbeingcommittedinevery2seconds.Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Intown
8、sandinvillages,onfarmsandi