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1、HowtoWriteaPaperMikeAshby,EngineeringDepartment,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB21PZ,UKrd3edition,February,2004Thisbriefmanualgivesguidanceinwritingapaperaboutyourresearch.Mostoftheadviceappliesequallytoyourthesisortowritingaresearchproposal.Thecontentofthepaperreflectstheki
2、ndofworkyouhavedone:experimental,theoretical,computational.Ihaveused,asamodel,atypicalMaterialsproject:onecombiningexperimentwithmodelingandcomputationtoexplainsomeaspectofmaterialbehavior.Sections1to8giveguidelinesforclearwritingwithbriefexamples.TheAppendixcontainslongerexa
3、mplesofeffectiveandineffectivewriting.Themanualisprescriptive–ithastobe,ifitistobeshort.Itisdesignedtohelpthosestrugglingwiththeirfirstpaper,orthosewhohavewrittenseveralbutfinditdifficult.Certainsectionsmayseemtoyoutobeelementary;theyaretherebecause,toothers,theyarenot.Sectio
4、n8,onStyle,isopen-ended,thestartingpointformoreexcitingthings.Howtowriteapaper1MFA,12/02/04HowtowriteapaperContents1TheDesignp22TheMarket–Whoareyourreaders?p33TheConcept–MakingaConcept-sheetp44Embodiment--Thefirstdraftp75DetailI–Grammarp126DetailII–Spellingp157DetailIII–Punct
5、uationp158DetailIV–Stylep199FurtherReadingp2410Appendixp26CopyrightãM.F.Ashby,Cambridge2000,2004Thisdocumentcanbecopiedanddistributedwithoutrestrictionofcopyright.Werequestonlythatitisnotpostedonanyotherweb-site,butthatanyonewishingtodown-loaditisdirectedtotheopenareaoftheGra
6、ntaDesignsite,(www.Grantadesign.com).Howtowriteapaper2MFA,12/02/041THEDESIGNWellwrittenpapersareread,remembered,cited.Poorlywrittenpapersarenot.Towritewell,youneedadesign.Likeanydesignactivity,thereareanumberofsteps(Figure1).I’veusedthelanguageofengineeringdesignhere–itfitswe
7、ll.(a)TheMarketNeed.Whatisthepurposeofthedocument?Whowillreadit?Howwillthereaderuseit?Theanswershelpyoudecidethelength,thelevelofdetail,thestyle.(b)TheConcept.Goodwritingstartswithaplan.Writershavedifferentwaysofdevelopingplans.Ifindtheconcept-sheet(Section3,below)isagoodwayt
8、odoit.Figure1.TheDesignProcess.Designingapaperislikedesigninganythin
