英语语言学框架知识中文版.doc

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1、一、绪论　　语言学的定义　　语言学的研究范畴　　几对基本概念　　语言的定义　　语言的甄别特征　　Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？　　Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。　　Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴　　Phonetics语音学Phonolog

2、y音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学　　Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性　　Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.　　Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.　　

3、Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.　　Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"writtenlanguage　　Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性　　Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy　　Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthrough

4、timeisadiachronicstudy　　Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.　　Speechandwriting口头语与书面语　　Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:　　（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution　　（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutin

5、speechtaninwriting　　（3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage　　Languageandparole语言与言语　　Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity　　Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse　　Competenceandperformance能力与运用　　Chomskydefinescompetence

6、astheidealusers'knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage　　Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication　　Whatislanguage?什么是语言？　　Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication　　Characteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性　　Languageisarule-governedsystem　　Languageisbasic

7、allyvocal　　Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay"Romeoan