英语语言学笔记.doc

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1、此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除LinguisticsChapter1Introduction:LanguageandLinguisticslWhatislanguage?nDifferentdefinitionsoflanguageuLanguageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)u[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)o

2、fsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.(Chomsky,1957)uLanguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.nEachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspec

3、tsoftheessenceoflanguage,butallofthemhaveleftoutsomething.Wemustseethemulti-facetednatureoflanguage.nAsisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.lFeaturesofhumanlanguagenCreativityuLang

4、uageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.uThegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.nDualityuLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoun

5、dsandtheotherofmeanings.uCertainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.uCertainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.nArbitrarinessuTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.此文档仅供学习与交流此文档收集于网络，如有侵权

6、，请联系网站删除uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.nDisplacementuThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.nCulturaltransmissionuCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmus

7、tbelearned.uLanguageisawayoftransmittingculture.nInterchangeabilityuAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.nReflexivityuHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.lWhatislinguistic

8、s?nLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.uObserving&questioninguFormulatinghypothesesuVerifyingthehypothesesuProposingatheorynBranchesoflinguisticsuInternalbranches:intra-disciplinarydivisionslPhoneticslPhonologylMorphologylS