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1、定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有:when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和
2、非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换),例如:Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coveris
3、green.3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在句中作宾语)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其
4、用法区别:不用that的情况:a)在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c)多用who的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行词为those,people时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitforthe
5、irofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行词为all,anyone,ones,one指人时Onewhodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并
6、列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,li
7、ttle等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thejust修饰时,只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行词为序数词(thelast)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。ThefirstEngli
8、shbookthatIreadwas"ThePrinceandthePauper"byMarkTwin.d)先行词既有人,又有物时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e)当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替