曼昆 经济学原理15-垄断.ppt

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1、MonopolyChapter15MonopolyWhileacompetitivefirmisapricetaker,amonopolyfirmisapricemaker.MonopolyAfirmisconsideredamonopolyif...itisthesolesellerofitsproduct.itsproductdoesnothaveclosesubstitutes.WhyMonopoliesAriseThefundamentalcauseofmonopolyisbarrierstoentry.WhyMonopoliesAri

2、seBarrierstoentryhavethreesources:Ownershipofakeyresource.Thegovernmentgivesasinglefirmtheexclusiverighttoproducesomegood.Costsofproductionmakeasingleproducermoreefficientthanalargenumberofproducers.MonopolyResourcesAlthoughexclusiveownershipofakeyresourceisapotentialsourceo

3、fmonopoly,inpracticemonopoliesrarelyariseforthisreason.Government-CreatedMonopoliesGovernmentsmayrestrictentrybygivingasinglefirmtheexclusiverighttosellaparticulargoodincertainmarkets.Government-CreatedMonopoliesPatentandcopyrightlawsaretwoimportantexamplesofhowgovernmentcre

4、atesamonopolytoservethepublicinterest.NaturalMonopoliesAnindustryisanaturalmonopolywhenasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms.NaturalMonopoliesAnaturalmonopolyariseswhenthereareeconomiesofscaleovertherelevantrangeofoutput.Econ

5、omiesofScaleasaCauseofMonopoly...AveragetotalcostQuantityofOutputCost0MonopolyversusCompetitionMonopolyIsthesoleproducerHasadownward-slopingdemandcurveIsapricemakerReducespricetoincreasesalesCompetitionversusMonopolyCompetitiveFirmIsoneofmanyproducersHasahorizontaldemandcurv

6、eIsapricetakerSellsasmuchoraslittleatsamepriceQuantityofOutputDemand(a)ACompetitiveFirm’sDemandCurve(b)AMonopolist’sDemandCurve0Price0QuantityofOutputPriceDemandDemandCurvesforCompetitiveandMonopolyFirms...AMonopoly’sRevenueTotalRevenuePxQ=TRAverageRevenueTR/Q=AR=PMarginalRe

7、venueDTR/DQ=MRAMonopoly’sTotal,Average,andMarginalRevenueQuantity(Q)Price(P)TotalRevenue(TR=PxQ)AverageRevenue(AR=TR/Q)MarginalRevenue(MR=)0$11.00$0.001$10.00$10.00$10.00$10.002$9.00$18.00$9.00$8.003$8.00$24.00$8.00$6.004$7.00$28.00$7.00$4.005$6.00$30.00$6.00$2.006$5.00$30.0

8、0$5.00$0.007$4.00$28.00$4.00-$2.008$3.00$24.00$3.00-$4.00QTRDD/AMonopoly’sM