《并行程序设计导论》 第二章PPT.ppt

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1、Copyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedChapter2ParallelHardwareandParallelSoftwareAnIntroductiontoParallelProgrammingPeterPachecoCopyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedRoadmapSomebackgroundModificationstothevonNeumannmodelParallelhardwareParallelsoftwareInputandoutputPerformanceParallelp

2、rogramdesignWritingandrunningparallelprogramsAssumptions#ChapterSubtitleSomebackgroundCopyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedSerialhardwareandsoftwareCopyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedinputoutputprogramsComputerrunsoneprogramatatime.Copyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedThevon

3、NeumannArchitecture#ChapterSubtitleFigure2.1MainmemoryThisisacollectionoflocations,eachofwhichiscapableofstoringbothinstructionsanddata.Everylocationconsistsofanaddress,whichisusedtoaccessthelocation,andthecontentsofthelocation.Copyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedCentralprocessingunit(CPU)

4、Dividedintotwoparts.Controlunit-responsiblefordecidingwhichinstructioninaprogramshouldbeexecuted.(theboss)Arithmeticandlogicunit(ALU)-responsibleforexecutingtheactualinstructions.(theworker)Copyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedadd2+2KeytermsRegister–veryfaststorage,partoftheCPU.Programco

5、unter–storesaddressofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted.Bus–wiresandhardwarethatconnectstheCPUandmemory.Copyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedCopyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedmemoryCPUfetch/readCopyright©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedmemoryCPUwrite/storevonNeumannbottleneckCopyrig

6、ht©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedAnoperatingsystem“process”Aninstanceofacomputerprogramthatisbeingexecuted.Componentsofaprocess:Theexecutablemachinelanguageprogram.Ablockofmemory.DescriptorsofresourcestheOShasallocatedtotheprocess.Securityinformation.Informationaboutthestateoftheprocess.Copyri

7、ght©2010,ElsevierInc.AllrightsReservedMultitaskingGivestheillusionthatasingleprocessorsystemisrunningmultipleprogramssimultaneously.Eachprocesstakesturnsrunning.(timeslice)Afteritstimeisup,itwaitsuntilithasaturna