经济学供给与需求市场与福利(51).ppt

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1、Consumers,Producers,andtheEfficiencyofMarkets消费者、生产者与市场效率Chapter7RevisitingtheMarketEquilibriumDotheequilibriumpriceandquantitymaximizethetotalwelfareofbuyersandsellers?Marketequilibriumreflectsthewaymarketsallocatescarceresources.Whetherthemarketallocationisdesirableisdetermi

2、nedbywelfareeconomics.回顾市场均衡市场均衡价格和数量能否使买者和卖者的总利益最大化？市场均衡反映了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。市场配置资源是否合意可以根据福利经济学理论判定。WelfareEconomicsWelfareeconomicsisthestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.福利经济学——研究资源配置如何影响经济福利。WelfareEconomics福利经济学Equilibriuminthemarketresultsinmaximumbene

3、fits,andthereforemaximumtotalwelfareforboththeconsumersandtheproducersoftheproduct.市场均衡使利益最大化，即使产品的消费者和生产者的总利益最大化。WelfareEconomics福利经济学Consumersurplusmeasureseconomicwelfarefromthebuyer’sside.消费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。Producersurplusmeasureseconomicwelfarefromtheseller’sside.生产者剩余从生产者角

4、度衡量经济福利。ConsumerSurplus消费者剩余Willingnesstopayisthemaximumpricethatabuyeriswillingandabletopayforagood.支付意愿——买者为某种物品愿意和能够支付的最高价格。Itmeasureshowmuchthebuyervaluesthegoodorservice.它衡量买者对物品的评价是多少。ConsumerSurplus消费者剩余Consumersurplusistheamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminustheamount

5、thebuyeractuallypaysforit.消费者剩余——买者支付意愿减去买者的实际支付量。FourPossibleBuyers’WillingnesstoPay...四个可能买者的支付意愿…ConsumerSurplus消费者剩余Themarketdemandcurvedepictsthevariousquantitiesthatbuyerswouldbewillingandabletopurchaseatdifferentprices.市场需求曲线表示在不同价格水平下，买者愿意和能够购买的数量。TheDemandScheduleandth

6、eDemandCurve需求表与需求曲线Figure1TheDemandScheduleandtheDemandCurvePriceofAlbum5070800$1001234QuantityofAlbumsJohn’swillingnesstopayPaul’swillingnesstopayGeorge’swillingnesstopayRingo’swillingnesstopayDemand图1.需求表与需求曲线专辑的价格5070800$1001234专辑的数量约翰的支付意愿保罗的支付意愿乔治的支付意愿林格的支付意愿需求MeasuringCo

7、nsumerSurpluswiththeDemandCurve...PriceofAlbum5070800$1001234QuantityofAlbumsDemandJohn’sconsumersurplus($20)Price=$80用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余...专辑的价格5070800$1001234专辑的数量需求约翰的消费者剩余（20美元）价格=80美元Figure2MeasuringConsumerSurpluswiththeDemandCurve(b)Price=$70PriceofAlbum5070800$100Demand1234Tot

8、alconsumersurplus($40)QuantityofAlbumsJohn’sconsumersu