微观经济之外部效应培训讲义.ppt

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1、ChapterThirty-ThreeExternalities外部效应StructureDefinitionConsumptionexternalityProductionexternalityThetragedyofcommonsExternalitiesAnexternalityisacostorabenefitimposeduponsomeonebyactionstakenbyothers.Thecostorbenefitisthusgeneratedexternallytothatsomebody.Anexternallyimposedbenefiti

2、sapositiveexternality.Anexternallyimposedcostisanegativeexternality.ExamplesofNegativeExternalitiesAirpollution.Waterpollution.Loudpartiesnextdoor.Trafficcongestion.Second-handcigarettesmoke.ExamplesofPositiveExternalitiesAwell-maintainedpropertynextdoorthatraisesthemarketvalueofyour

3、property.Apleasantcologneorscentwornbythepersonseatednexttoyou.Improveddrivinghabitsthatreduceaccidentrisks.Education.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyCrucially,anexternalityimpactsathirdparty;i.e.somebodywhoisnotaparticipantintheactivitythatproducestheexternalcostorbenefit.Externalitiesand

4、EfficiencyExternalitiescauseParetoinefficiency;typicallytoomuchscarceresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesanegativeexternalitytoolittleresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesapositiveexternality.ExternalitiesandPropertyRightsAnexternalityisviewedasapurelypubliccommodity.Acomm

5、odityispurelypublicifitisconsumedbyeveryone(nonexcludability),andeverybodyconsumestheentireamountofthecommodity(nonrivalryinconsumption).E.g.abroadcasttelevisionprogram.ConsumptionExternalityParetoefficientamountofsmokeInefficientequilibriumwithnegativeexternalityPropertyrightsandpri

6、cemechanismQuasi-linearutilityandtheCoasetheorem(科斯定理)Considertwoagents,AandB,andtwocommodities,moneyandsmoke.BothsmokeandmoneyaregoodsforAgentA.MoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.Smokeisapurelypubliccommodity.ConsumptionExternalityAgentAisendowedwith$yA.AgentBisendowedwith$yB.Smoke

7、intensityismeasuredonascalefrom0(nosmoke)to1(maximumconcentration).ConsumptionExternalityOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.ConsumptionExternalityOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.BetterConsumptionExternalityOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgent

8、B.BetterCons