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1、研究方法與實例簡介中山醫學大學心理系何明洲如要採用，請告知作者，並註明出處大綱實驗設計簡介Within-subjectdesignSinglefactorMultiplefactorsBetween-subjectdesignMixeddesign論文實例介紹研究之初研究問題的建立與改變同一個研究問題細分成許多不同的研究方向來檢驗此問題不同的研究方向延伸出其他的研究問題匯集而成的研究成果，逐漸建立理論再由理論延伸出相關問題實驗設計簡介Within-SubjectDesignAlsocalledre
2、peated-measuresdesignExperimenttimeisusuallybrief(<30minutes)Goodwhenthepopulationofinterestisscarce例如：betelnutchewerWithin-SubjectDesignNoneedtoworryaboutequivalentgroupproblemStatistically,removethevarianceduetotheindividualdifferencefromthenonsyste
3、maticerror,increasingtheprobabilitytorejectnullhypothesisTreatmentSubject123Mean12474.33210121311.67322293027.00430313431.67Mean16192118.67SSbetweensubjNOdifferencebetweentreatmentsduetosubjectdifference∵within-treatmenterrorsincludebetween-subjectdif
4、ferenceCounterbalance TestingonceperconditionCompletecounterbalance2conditions:2!=2orders(atleast2participants),[1,2][2,1]3conditions:3!=6orders(atleast6participants),[1,2,3][1,3,2][2,1,3][2,3,1][3,1,2][3,2,1]4conditions:4!=24orders(atleast24participa
5、nts)10conditions:10!=3628800ordersGOODforfewerconditionsCounterbalanceCounterbalanceManyconditions(e.g.,>3):UsepartialcounterbalancingLatinsquares：1.eachconditionappearsonceineachrawandcolumn;2.EachconditionprecedesandfollowseachconditiononetimeBlockr
6、andomizationBlockrandomization：當每一種情境出現的次數超過一次時，可使用此法Ineachblock，conditionordersarerandomized3conditions(A,B,C)A-C-BBlock1Block2Ax3Bx3Cx3Ax3Bx3Cx3Block1Block2C-B-ABlockrandomization情緒刺激（雙字詞或臉）x情緒種類（中性、恐懼或高興）x5repetitions(trials)6(2x3)conditions,eachre
7、peats5times共2x3x5=30trials分兩個block進行，一個block有30trials。故實驗共有60trials(30trialsx2blocks)Ax5Bx5Cx5Dx5Ex5Fx5Ax5Bx5Cx5Dx5Ex5Fx5Block1Block2臉詞中性AD恐懼BE高興CFBlockrandomization可和counterbalancing搭配情緒刺激（雙字詞或臉）x情緒種類（中性、恐懼或高興）x5repetitions(trials)Firstblock:雙字詞（15tr
8、ials=3x5）Secondblock:臉（15trials=3x5）completecounterbalance[1,2][2,1]看實驗結果來判斷是否和counterbalancing搭配Ax5Bx5Cx5Ax5Bx5Cx5Block1Block2臉詞Ax5Bx5Cx5Ax5Bx5Cx5Block1Block2臉詞Within-Subjects,SinglefactorWithin-Subjects,Singlefactor2levelsLeeandAronson(1974
