海洋生态学教案.doc

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1、海洋生态学MarineEcologyChapter1Introduction第一章概论ECO:InGreek("oikos"),itmeansthehome,theplacewherewelive.Ecologymeansthescienceofhowalllivingcreaturesinteractwithinourhome-ourenvironment."environment"and"ecology"areextendedtoencompasstheinseparableuniverse.TheE

2、arth,andsurvivalofallspecies,isreliantupontheharmonyofitsexistenceamongbillionsofotherplanetsandspaceobjects.1.Ecologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandthelivingandnonlivingcomponentsoftheirenvironment.Itinvolvescollectinginformationaboutorgan

3、ismsandtheirenvironments,lookingforpatterns,andseekingtoexplainthesepatterns2.Howecologistslearnabouthowsystemswork.(1)Observation(description)(2)formahypothesisaboutthethingsthatarestructuringthatsystem.(3)doexperiments(4)fromtheexperimentalresultsyoutes

4、tthehypothesis(5)developmodelsofhowthesystemworks(6)reviseyourdescriptionbasedonthemodels(7)keepgoingthroughthatcycle3.KeyThemeinEcology(1)Interconnectedness:Noorganismisisolated,allorganismsinteractwithotherorganismsandwiththenonlivingportionoftheirenvir

5、onment–survivaldependsonit(2)Consequence:Anydisturbanceorchangeinecosystemcanspreadthroughthenetworkofinteractionsandaffecttheecosysteminwidespreadandunexpectedways(3)Twoways:Theorganismenvironmentinteractionistwo-way4.TwobranchesofecologyPopulationandcom

6、munityecology:thestudyoftheprocessesthatregulatethedistributionandabundanceoforganisms.Biogeochemistry:thestudyofhoworganismsmediatethetransformationofenergyandmatterinthebiosphereThestructureofthecommunityeffectsproductivityinbiogeochemistry.Theseprocess

7、esinturnfeedbackandaffectthestructureofthecommunity.5．LevelsofOrganizationBiosphere－Ecosystem－Community－Population－OrganismItisreallydifficulttotalkabouttheseinaverycleanway.Youcannotreallystudyanorganismallbyitselfbecauseeachorganismisinitselfanecosystem

8、oracommunity.Maybenotanecosystembutacommunityoforganisms.Butthisisthewaywehavecometodivideupthelivingworldatdifferentlevelsoforganization.BiosphereisthethinvolumeofEarthanditsatmosphere.ItistheBroadestandmostinclusi