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1、WhenZhuYuanzhang,thefirstEmperoroftheMingDynasty(1368-1644),capturedHuizhou,ahermitnamedZhuShengadmonishedhimthatheshould'builthighwalls,storeabundantfoodsuppliesandtaketimetobeanEmperor,'sothathecouldfortifythecityandunifytheotherstates.AftertheestablishmentoftheMingdyna
2、sty,ZhuYuanzhangfollowedhisadviceandbegantoenlargethewallbuiltinitiallyduringtheoldTangdynasty(618-907),creatingthemodernXianCityWall.It'sthemostcompletecitywallthathassurvivedinChina,aswellbeingoneofthelargestancientmilitarydefensivesystemsintheworld.Aftertheextension,th
3、ewallnowstands12meters(40feet)tall,12-14meters(40-46feet)wideatthetopand15-18meters(50-60feet)thickatthebottom.Itcovers13.7kilometers(8.5miles)inlengthwithadeepmoatsurroundingit.Every120meters,thereisarampartwhichextendsoutfromthemainwall.Alltogether,thereare98rampartsont
4、hewall,whichwerebuilttodefendagainsttheenemyclimbingupthewall.Eachramparthasasentrybuilding,inwhichthesoldierscouldprotecttheentirewallwithoutexposingthemselvestotheenemy.Besides,thedistancebetweeneverytworampartsisjustwithintherangeofanarrowshotfromeitherside,sothattheyc
5、ouldshoottheenemy,whowantedtoattackthecity,fromtheside.Ontheoutersideofthecitywall,thereare5948crenellations,namelybattlements.Thesoldierscanoutlookandshootattheenemy.Ontheinnerside,parapetswerebuilttoprotectthesoldiersfromfallingoff.Sincetheancientweaponsdidnothavethepow
6、ertobreakthroughawallandtheonlywayforanenemytoenterthecitywasbyattackingthegateofthecitywall.Thisiswhycomplicatedgatestructureswerebuiltwithinthewall.InXian,thecitywallincludesfourgatesandtheyarerespectivelynamedasChangle(meaningeternaljoy)intheeast,Anding(harmonypeace)in
7、thewest,Yongning(eternalpeace)inthesouthandAnyuan(foreverharmony)inthenorth.Thesouthgate,Yongning,isthemostbeautifullydecoratedone.ItisveryneartotheBellTower,centerofthecity.ImportantgreetingceremoniesorganizedbytheProvincialGovernmentareusuallyheldinthesouthgatesquare.Ea
8、chcitygatehasthreegatetowers:Zhenglou,JianlouandZhalou.ThemostoutsideisZhalou,whichstandsawayfro
