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1、第一单元应力与应变Thatbranchofscientificanalysiswhichmotions,timesandforcesiscalledmechanicsandismadeupoftwoparts,staticsanddynamics.研究位移、时间和力是科学分析法的一个分支,被称作力学,力学由两大部分组成,静力学和动力学。Forexample,iftheforceoperatingonasleevebearingbecomestoohigh,itwillsqueezeouttheo
2、ilfilmandcausemetal-to-metalcontact,overheatingandrapidfailureofthebearing.例如:如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话,会挤出油膜,引起金属和金属之间的相互接触,轴承将过热而迅速失效。Ourintuitiveconceptofforceincludessuchideasasplaceofapplication,direction,andmagnitude,andthesearecalledthecharacteristicsof
3、aforce.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向,这些被称为力的三要素。Allbodiesareeitherelasticorplasticandwillbedeformedifacteduponbyforces.Whenthedeformationofsuchbodiesissmall,theyarefrequentlyassumedtoberigid,i.e.,incapableofdeformation,inordertosimplifytheanalysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的
4、也可以是塑性的,如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体,也就是不产生变形,以此来简化分析。Therigid-bodyassumptioncannotbeusedininternalstressesandstrainsduetotheappliedforcestobeanalyzed.Thusweconsiderthebodytobecapableofdeforming.刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析,所以在实际力的分析时,要考虑物体的形变。Ifalltheforce
5、sactingonaparticlearebalanced,theparticlewilleitherremainatrestorwillcontinuetomoveinastraightlineatauniformvelocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的,质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。第二单元材料的强度与塑性Atensiletestconsistsofslowlypullingasampleofmaterialwithatensileloaduntilitbreaks.Thee
6、ndsoftensilespecimensareusuallyenlargedtoprovideextraareaforgrip-pingandtoavoidhavingthesamplebreakwhereitisbeinggripped.拉伸试验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂。拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试件断裂。Theusualmannerofconductingthetestistodeformthespecimenataconstantspeed.Forexample,inth
7、euniversaltestingmachines,themotionbetweenthefixedandmovingcrossheadscanbecontrolledataconstantspeed.通常进行试验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如,在万能拉伸试验机上,固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。Theloadthatmustbeappliedtoenforcethisdisplacementratevariesasthetestproceeds.ThisloadF
8、maybedividedbythecross-sectionalareaAtoobtainthestressinthespecimenatanytimeduringthetest.随着实验的进行,用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。在实验中,载荷F除以横截面积A可以得到任意时刻点的应力。HoweveractualmeasurementofΔLispreferablewherethisisfeasible.Stressandstrainbasedontheinitial(undeformed)