华中农业大学微生物英文课件8.ppt

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1、BacterialgeneticsChapter89.1MutationsandMutants9.2GeneticRecombination9.3GeneticTransformation9.4Transduction9.5Conjugation9.6Plasmids9.7TransposonsandInsertionSequences9.8ComparativeProkaryoticGenomics9.9GeneticsinEukaryoticMicroorganismsMicroorganismsproviderelativelysimplesystemsforstud

2、yinggeneticphenomenaandarethususefultoolsinattemptstodecipherthemechanismsunderlyingthegeneticsofallorganisms.Microorganismsareusedfortheisolationandduplicationofspecificgenesfromotherorganisms,atechniquecalledmolecularcloning.Inmolecularcloning,genesaremanipulatedandplacedinamicroorganism

3、wheretheycanbeinducedtoincreaseinnumber.Section1.MutationandrecombinationMutationisaninheritedchangeinthebasesequenceofthenucleicacidcomprisingthegenomeofanorganism.Mutationusuallybringsaboutonlyaverysmallamountofgeneticchangeinacell.Geneticrecombinationistheprocessbywhichgeneticelementsco

4、ntainedintwoseparategenomesarebroughttogetherinoneunit.Thismechanismmayenabletheorganismtocarryoutsomenewfunctionandresultinadaptationtochangingenvironments.Geneticrecombinationusuallyinvolvesmuchlargerchanges.Entiregenes,setsofgenes,orevenwholechromosomes,aretransferredbetweenorganisms.Se

5、ction2.Techniquesofbacterialgenetics:invivoInvivo:manipulatethegeneticmaterialwithintheorganismGeneticTransformationTransductionConjugationSection3.Techniquesofbacterialgenetics:invitroInvitro:operategeneticmaterialinthetesttubeRestrictionEnzymesMolecularCloningAmplifyingDNA:PCRAuxotrophan

6、organismthathasdevelopedanutritionalrequirementthroughmutationCloningvectorgeneticelementintowhichgenescanberecombinedandreplicatedConjugationtransferofgenesfromoneprokaryoticcelltoanotherbyamechanisminvolvingcell-to-cellcontactandaplasmidDiploidaeukaryoticcellororganismcontainingtwosetsof

7、chromosomesElectroporationtheuseofanelectricpulsetoinducecellstotakeupfreeDNAGenedisruptionuseofgenetictechniquestoinactivateagenebyinsertingwithinitaDNAfragmentcontaininganeasilyselectablemarker.Theinsertedfragmentiscalledacassette,andtheprocessofinsertion,ca