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1、ChapterOneIntroduction4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要
2、是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?Speechispriortowriting;Thewritingsystemisinventedwhenneeded;Todaytherearelanguageswhichcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten;Speechplaysagreaterroletha
3、nwritingindailycommunication;Eachhumanbeingfirstacquiresspeechandthenlearnswriting;Modernlinguisticstendstopaymoreattentiontoauthenticspeech.9.whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration.Thedescriptivefunction.Itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualin
4、formation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified,e.g.”TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.”Theexpressivefunction,suppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudices.andvalues,e.g.”IwillnevergocampingwiththeSimpsonsagain
5、.”Thesocialfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople,e.g.”HowcanIhelpyou,sir?ChapterTwoPhonology1.Whatarethetwomajormediaofcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?Speechandwritingaretwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modernlinguisticsre
6、gardsspeechastheprimaryoneforsomereasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemistorecordspeech.Eventoday,therearesometribeswithoutwritingsystem.Fromtheviewofchildren’sdevelopment,childrenacquirehismothertonguebeforetheylearntowri
7、te.5.whatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?ThecriteriausedtoclassifyEnglishvowelsare:Theheightofthetongueraising:high,mid,andlowThepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue:front,central,andbackThedegreeofliprounding:rounded,un-roundedThedegreeoftenseness/thelengthofso
8、und:tense(long)orlax(short)Thechangeofsoundquality:pure(monophthong),gliding(diphthong)7.Howdophonetics
