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1、IntroductiontoBiochemistry1lesson15WhatisBiochemistry?Biochemistryisthestudyofthechemicalprocessesinlivingorganisms.Itdealswiththestructureandfunctionofcellularcomponentssuchasproteins,carbohydrates,lipids,nucleicacidsandotherbiomolecules.Amongthevastnumberofdifferent
2、biomolecules,manyarecomplexandlargemolecules(calledpolymers),whicharecomposedofsimilarrepeatingsubunits（重复亚基）(calledmonomers).Eachclassofpolymericbiomoleculehasadifferentsetofsubunittypes.Forexample,aproteinisapolymerwhosesubunitsareselectedfromasetof20ormoreaminoacid
3、s（氨基酸）.2WhatisBiochemistry?Biochemistrystudiesthechemicalpropertiesofimportantbiologicalmolecules,likeproteins,andinparticularthechemistryofenzyme-catalyzedreactions.Thebiochemistryofcellmetabolismandtheendocrinesystemhasbeenextensivelydescribed.Otherareasofbiochemist
4、ryincludethegeneticcode(DNA,RNA),proteinsynthesis,cellmembranetransport(细胞膜运输),andsignaltransduction(信号转导--是细胞通讯的基本概念)Originally,itwasgenerallybelievedthatlifewasnotsubjecttothelawsofsciencethewaynon-lifewas.Itwasthoughtthatonlylivingbeingscouldproducethemoleculesofli
5、fe(fromother,previouslyexistingbiomolecules).4HistoryofBiochemistryHistoryofBiochemistryThen,in1828,FriedrichWöhler（弗里德里希）publishedapaperonthesynthesisofurea,provingthatorganiccompoundscanbecreatedartificially.5FriedrichWöhlerUreawassynthesizedbyheatingtheinorganiccom
6、poundammoniumcyanate（氰酸铵）.Thedawnofbiochemistrymayhavebeenthediscoveryofthefirstenzyme,diastase（淀粉酵素）(todaycalledamylase淀粉酶),in1833byAnselmePayen（安塞尔姆.佩延）6FrenchchemistbornJan.6,1795,Paris,FrancediedMay12,1871,ParisFrenchchemistwhomadeimportantcontributionstoindustria
7、lchemistryanddiscoveredcellulose（纤维素）,abasicconstituentofplantcells.HistoryofBiochemistryAnselmePayenEduardBuchner（毕希纳）contributedthefirstdemonstration(论证）ofacomplexbiochemicalprocessoutsideofacellin1896:alcoholicfermentation（发酵）incellextractsofyeast（酵母）.7ANobelPrizew
8、innerinChemistryin1907forhisbiochemicalresearchesandhisdiscoveryofcell-freefermentation（无细胞酵解）.EduardBuchnerGermanyHistoryof
