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1、Chapter8LanguageandsocietySociolinguistics----asub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety----Therearemanyindicationsofth
2、einter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageisoftenusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.(e.g.greeting)Theuseoflanguageisinpartdeterminedbytheuser’ssocialbackground.(socialclass,age,sex,educationlevel,etc.)Language,especiallythestructureofitslexi
3、con,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.(“snow”forEskimo)Asasocialphenomenon,languageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,theevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial(thepostvocalic](元音后面的)[r]inB.E.andA.E.).Speechcommu
4、nityandspeechvarietySpeechcommunity----thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociolinguisticstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvarietyorlanguagevariety----anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Insociolinguisticstudythreetypesofspe
5、echvarietyareofspecialinterest,i.e.regionaldialects,sociolects(在语言集团内某一群人或某一阶层内使用的社会方言)andregisters.TwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudiesMacrosociolinguistics,i.e.abird’s-eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety;Microsociolinguistics,i.e.aworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.
6、VarietiesoflanguageDialectalvarieties方言变体Register语域DegreeofformalityDialectalvarietiesRegionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion(e.g.Br.E.&Am.E.).Youngpeoplearelesslikelytospeaktheirlocaldialect.Sociolectisalinguisticvarietyc
7、haracteristicofaparticularsocialclass,reflectingaperson’ssocialbackgroundandeducationbackground.e.g.P113Received（标准的）PronunciationinB.E.Languageandgender(e.g.intonation,lexicon,syntax)ImperativesentenceTagquestionsEuphemismsAddressesinJapanese,Korean,andChinese.L
8、anguageandage(Lexicaldifference:icebox----fridge,wireless----boombox（内置扬声器）,formal---informal)Idiolect(个人语言)----apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombin
