哈维罗森 财政学 第六版 Chap04 Public Goods.ppt

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1、Chapter4-PublicGoods1PublicGoodsDefinedPurepublicgoodssharetwocharacteristicsNonrival–CostofanotherpersonconsumingthegoodiszeroNonexcludable–Veryexpensivetopreventothersfromconsumingthegood2ExamplesofpublicandprivategoodsPublicGoodsNationaldefenseHousecleaningin

2、anapartmentwithmanyroommatesFireworksdisplayMusicfilesharingUncongestedfreewayPrivategoodsPizzaHealthcareCongestedfreewayPublichousing3ValuationofpublicgoodsEveryoneconsumessamequantityofpublicgoodMarginalbenefitofpublicgoodvariesbypersonInthehousecleaningexampl

3、e,differentroommatesvaluethecleanapartmentdifferently.4ImpurepublicgoodsMostgoodsthatarethoughtofaspublicgoodsmaynotstrictlysatisfythenonrivalornonexcludableassumption.Ascenicviewisapublicgoodwithoutcongestion,butthequalitydiminishesasmorethenumberofsightseersin

4、creases.Thus,ascenicviewbecomesrival.5PrivategoodscanbeprovidedbythepublicsectorThesearecalled“publiclyprovidedprivategoods.”Keycriteria:isthegoodrivalandexcludable?Publichousingisrival(onefamilyconsumesoneapartment)andexcludable(easytopreventconsumption).6Effic

5、ientprovisionofprivategoodsDerivationofaggregatedemandEachperson’sdemandcurverepresentsthewillingness-to-payforanadditionalunitofagood.Privategood:holdingPconstant,addtogetherindividualquantitiestogetQ.Horizontalsummation7Figure4.18Equilibriuminprivategoodsmarke

6、tEquilibriumwheresupplycurveintersectsaggregatedemandcurve.Everyonepaysthesameprice,P.Individualsconsumedifferentquantities,Q.Paretoefficient.9EfficientprovisionofpublicgoodsConsiderafireworksdisplayasapublicgood–itisnonrivalandnonexcludable.Biggerdisplaysgivehi

7、gherbenefit.Publicgood:holdingQconstant,addtogetherindividualwillingness-to-paytogetP.Verticalsummation.10Figure4.411EfficiencyinpublicgoodsmarketEveryoneconsumesthesamequantity,QIndividual’smarginalbenefitvaries.Efficiencyrequiresthatthesumofindividualmarginalb

8、enefitsequalsthemarginalcost.12NumericalexampleConsider2individuals,AdamandEvewhohavethefollowinginversedemandcurves,andfaceamarginalcostcurvebelow.13Numericalexample