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1、GeneticallymodifiedfoodGeneticallymodified(GM)foods arefoodsderivedfrom geneticallymodifiedorganisms.GeneticallymodifiedorganismshavehadspecificchangesintroducedintotheirDNAby geneticengineering techniques.Thesetechniquesaremuchmoreprecisethan mutagenesis (mu
2、tationbreeding)whereanorganismisexposedtoradiationorchemicalstocreateanon-specificbutstablechange.Othertechniquesbywhichhumansmodifyfoodorganismsincludeselectivebreeding (plantbreeding and animalbreeding),and somaclonalvariation.GMfoodswerefirstputonthemarket
3、intheearly1990s.Typically,geneticallymodifiedfoodsare transgenicplant products: soybean, corn, canola,andcottonseedoil.Butanimalproductshavealsobeendeveloped.In2006apigwascontroversially[1][2] engineeredtoproduce omega-3fattyacids throughtheexpressionofaround
4、wormgene.[3] Researchershavealsodevelopedagenetically-modifiedbreedofpigsthatareabletoabsorbplantphosphorusmoreefficiently,andasaconsequencethephosphoruscontentoftheirmanureisreducedbyasmuchas60%.CriticshaveobjectedtoGMfoodsonseveralgrounds,includingtheoretic
5、alorimaginedsafetyissues, ecological concerns,and economic concernsraisedbythefactthattheseorganismsaresubjectto intellectualproperty law.MethodGeneticmodificationinvolvestheinsertionordeletionofgenes.Intheprocessof cisgenesis,genesareartificiallytransferredb
6、etweenorganismsthatcouldbeconventionallybred.Intheprocessof transgenesis,genesfromadifferentspeciesareinserted,whichisaformofhorizontalgenetransfer.InnaturethiscanoccurwhenexogenousDNApenetratesthecellmembraneforanyreason.Todothisartificiallymayrequireattachi
7、nggenestoavirusorjustphysicallyinsertingtheextraDNAintothenucleusoftheintendedhostwithaverysmallsyringe,orwithverysmallparticlesfiredfromagenegun.However,othermethodsexploitnaturalformsofgenetransfer,suchastheabilityof Agrobacterium totransfergeneticmaterialt
8、oplants,andtheabilityof lentiviruses totransfergenestoanimalcells.DetectionTestingonGMOsinfoodandfeedisroutinelydoneusingmoleculartechniqueslike DNAmicroarrays or qPCR.Thesetestscanbebase
