转基因食品（英文）

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1、GeneticallymodifiedfoodGeneticallymodified(GM)foods arefoodsderivedfrom geneticallymodifiedorganisms.GeneticallymodifiedorganismshavehadspecificchangesintroducedintotheirDNAby geneticengineering techniques.Thesetechniquesaremuchmoreprecisethan mutagenesis (mutationbreeding)whereanorganism

2、isexposedtoradiationorchemicalstocreateanon-specificbutstablechange.Othertechniquesbywhichhumansmodifyfoodorganismsincludeselectivebreeding (plantbreeding and animalbreeding),and somaclonalvariation.GMfoodswerefirstputonthemarketintheearly1990s.Typically,geneticallymodifiedfoodsare transg

3、enicplant products: soybean, corn, canola,andcottonseedoil.Butanimalproductshavealsobeendeveloped.In2006apigwascontroversially[1][2] engineeredtoproduce omega-3fattyacids throughtheexpressionofaroundwormgene.[3] Researchershavealsodevelopedagenetically-modifiedbreedofpigsthatareabletoabso

4、rbplantphosphorusmoreefficiently,andasaconsequencethephosphoruscontentoftheirmanureisreducedbyasmuchas60%.CriticshaveobjectedtoGMfoodsonseveralgrounds,includingtheoreticalorimaginedsafetyissues, ecological concerns,and economic concernsraisedbythefactthattheseorganismsaresubjectto intelle

5、ctualproperty law.MethodGeneticmodificationinvolvestheinsertionordeletionofgenes.Intheprocessof cisgenesis,genesareartificiallytransferredbetweenorganismsthatcouldbeconventionallybred.Intheprocessof transgenesis,genesfromadifferentspeciesareinserted,whichisaformofhorizontalgenetransfer.In

6、naturethiscanoccurwhenexogenousDNApenetratesthecellmembraneforanyreason.TodothisartificiallymayrequireattachinggenestoavirusorjustphysicallyinsertingtheextraDNAintothenucleusoftheintendedhostwithaverysmallsyringe,orwithverysmallparticlesfiredfromagenegun.However,othermethodsexploitnatural

7、formsofgenetransfer,suchastheabilityof Agrobacterium totransfergeneticmaterialtoplants,andtheabilityof lentiviruses totransfergenestoanimalcells.DetectionTestingonGMOsinfoodandfeedisroutinelydoneusingmoleculartechniqueslike DNAmicroarrays or qPCR.Thesetestscanbebase