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1、ChapterEighteenTechnology技术StructureDescribingtechnologiesProductionsetortechnologysetProductionfunctionIsoquantMarginalproductReturnstoscaleTechnicalrateofsubstitutionWell-behavedtechnologiesLongrunandshortrunTechnologiesAtechnologyisaprocessbywhichinputsareconvertedtoanoutput.E.g.labor,acom
2、puter,aprojector,electricity,andsoftwarearebeingcombinedtoproducethislecture.TechnologiesUsuallyseveraltechnologieswillproducethesameproduct--ablackboardandchalkcanbeusedinsteadofacomputerandaprojector.Whichtechnologyis“best”?Howdowecomparetechnologies?InputBundlesxidenotestheamountusedofinpu
3、ti;i.e.thelevelofinputi.Aninputbundleisavectoroftheinputlevels;(x1,x2,…,xn).ProductionFunctions(生产函数）ydenotestheoutputlevel.Thetechnology’sproductionfunctionstatesthemaximumamountofoutputpossiblefromaninputbundle.ProductionFunctionsy=f(x)istheproductionfunction.x’xInputLevelOutputLevely’y’=f(
4、x’)isthemaximaloutputlevelobtainablefromx’inputunits.Oneinput,oneoutputTechnologySetsAproductionplanisaninputbundleandanoutputlevel;(x1,…,xn,y).Aproductionplanisfeasible（可行）ifThecollectionofallfeasibleproductionplansistheproductionset(生产集)ortechnologyset（技术集）.TechnologySetsy=f(x)istheproducti
5、onfunction.x’xInputLevelOutputLevely’y”y’=f(x’)isthemaximaloutputlevelobtainablefromx’inputunits.Oneinput,oneoutputy”=f(x’)isanoutputlevelthatisfeasiblefromx’inputunits.TechnologySetsTheproductionsetortechnologysetisTechnologySetsx’xInputLevelOutputLevely’Oneinput,oneoutputy”Thetechnology set
6、TechnologySetsx’xInputLevelOutputLevely’Oneinput,oneoutputy”Thetechnology setTechnically inefficient plansTechnically efficientplansTechnologieswithMultipleInputsWhatdoesatechnologylooklikewhenthereismorethanoneinput?Thetwoinputcase:Inputlevelsarex1andx2.Outputlevelisy.Supposetheproductionfun
7、ctionisTechnologieswithMultipleInputsE.g.themaximaloutputlevelpossiblefromtheinputbundle (x1,x2)=(1,8)isAndthemaximaloutputlevelpossiblefrom(x1,x2)=(8,8)isTechnologieswithMultipleInputsAnisoquant(等产量线)isthesetofallpossiblecombinationsofinputs
