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1、INTRODUCTIONofNewtonsaacNewtonisthegreatmathematician、physicalscientist、astronomerandnaturalphilosopherofBritain,whoesfieldofinvestigationconsistsofphysics,mathematics,astronomy,theology,naturalphilosophyalchemy.ThemainexperiencesofnewtonHewasbornatWoolsthorpe,nearGranthaminL
2、incolnshirein1643heenteredCambridgeUniversityin1661;hewaselectedaFellowofTrinityCollegein1667,andgottheMaster'sDegreethenextyear.hewastheLucasianProfessorofMathematicsvfrom1669to1701.Heremainedattheuniversity,lecturinginmostyearsuntil1696hemovedtoLondonasWardenoftheRoyalMint.
3、HebecameMasteroftheMintin1699,anofficeheretainedtohisdeath.HewaselectedaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLondonin1671,andin1703hebecamePresident,beingannuallyre-electedfortherestofhislife.hewasknightedinCambridgein1705.Andhepassedawayin1727.ThemaincontributionsofNewton1、Theinventiono
4、fcalculus2、thediscoveryofgravitationaltheoryandclassicmechanics3、Optics①、thedesignerantheinventorofthefirsttypeofcatoptric telescope②、discoveredtheprincinpleofopticaldispersionAndsoon.1、TheinventionofcalculusSirIsaacNewtonisoneofthemostfamouscontributorstothedevelopmentofcalc
5、ulus.Applicationsofdifferentialcalculusincludecomputationsinvolvingvelocityandacceleration,theslopeofacurve,andoptimization.Applicationsofintegralcalculusincludecomputationsinvolvingarea,volume,arclength,centerofmass,work,andpressure.Moreadvancedapplicationsincludepowerseries
6、andFourierseries.Calculuscanbeusedtocomputethetrajectoryofashuttledockingataspacestationortheamountofsnowinadriveway.LetusnowturntothecentraltopicofthePrincipia,theuniversalityofthegravitationalforce.2、thediscoveryofgravitationaltheoryandclassicmechanicsThelegendisthatNewtons
7、awanapplefallinhisgardeninLincolnshire,thoughtofitintermsofanattractivegravitationalforcetowardstheearth,andrealizedthesameforcemightextendasfarasthemoon.Newtongavethefirstanalyticaldeterminationofthespeedofsoundinair,inferredtheoblatenessofthespheroidalfigureoftheEarth,accou
8、ntedfortheprecessionoftheequinoxesasaresultoftheMoon'sgravitationala
