西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章.doc

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1、1.PleasegiveanaccountofthesettingoftheEnlightenment.ThefactthattheEnlightenmentfirstoccurredinFrancewasascribedtothedeteriorationineconomic,political,socialandculturalconditionsinthe18th-centuryFrance.TheFrenchpeoplestronglydemandedthatthedecliningsituationb

2、earrestedandreformsbecarriedout.Undersuchcircumstances,progressiveintellectualsbegantothinkmoreseriouslyaboutthesolutionstothecrisesandtriedtoresorttointellectualandsocialmeans.Thismovementalsoaskedformorepoliticalpowertothepeopleasthebourgeoisiejoinedinwith

3、itseconomicsupportandthustheculturalmovementtinnedwithpoliticalcolourasabourgeoismark.Ontheotherhand,thedisseminationofscientificknowledgeandtheinfluencesofBritishempiricismalsoimmenselyheightenedintellectualandpoliticalawarenessofthepeopleingeneral.Thisprep

4、aredthepoliticalbasisofthebourgeoisrevolutiontofollow.2.BrieflyintroduceoneortworepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenmentandtheircentralideas.VoltaireandMontesquieuaretwooftherepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenment.VoltaireexposedthedarksideofFrancesuchastheco

5、rruptionandinjusticeofChristianitybylaunchinghistheoryonhumannature.Also,hearguedforthefreedomandequalityofordinarypeople.What’smore,hestronglycondemnedfeudalautocracyandputforwardthetheoryoftheenlightenedmonarchy.Montesquieu’spoliticaltheorydevelopedtheprin

6、cipleofdividingpoliticalpoweralthoughtheprincipleitselfwasnothisinvention.MontesquieucontributedsignificantlytotheestablishmentofthemodernWesternstatebyexposingthenatureofstateandhumanbeingsinhisgreatworkSpiritofLawwhichhaswide-ranginginfluenceonthelatergene

7、rationsofmodernWesternpoliticalthinkingandpractice.ForMontesquieu,itwasclimatethatcontributedmosttotheformationofasocietyandhebelieveditwasshowninnationalcharacter,politicalsystem,marriagecodes,religion,andtheuseofslavery.Hisgeographicalandenvironmentaltheor

8、yisofsomeprogressivesignificance,butitexaggeratesthegeographicalfactorinsocialdevelopment.1.SaysomethingabouttheoriginandthemajorconcernsofRomanticism.Giveexamples.Romanticismoriginatedoutofthec