04光学显微镜.ppt

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1、表面形貌分析方法：光学显微镜电子显微镜扫描探针显微镜第一章光学显微镜1第一章光学显微镜近年来，光学显微镜得到了很大的发展：主要为荧光标记数字成像与分析共焦显微镜2第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识TheRealmofGeometricalOpticsQUANTUMOPTICSELECTROMAGNETICOPTICSWAVEOPTICSwewillnotneedtoconsiderwaveorE&MaspectsoflightGEOMETRICALOPTICS3ParticleandWavePropertiesofLight(Duality)Ligh

2、tpropagatesasaWaveWhat’swaving?Electric&Magneticfields*Speedc=3x108m/sinvacuum*Hasawavelengthandfrequency=c/fExhibitsinterferenceanddiffractioneffects第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识4第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识Lighttransfersenergytootherobjectslikeaparticle(collisions)particlescalled“photons”*Particleen

3、ergyE=hff=frequency(~1015Hz)h=Planck’sConstant6.626x10-34J-s1electronvolt(eV)=1.6x10-19JWaveLightpropagatesasa5第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识Example:Color,EnergyandWavelengthWavelength=c/fEnergyE=hf=hc/=(1239eV-nm)/(nm)Visiblelight(400)to(700)nm400nm3.1eV(5x10-19J)6第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识Raysvs

4、WavesDescriptionWhenlightpassesthroughanopening(aperture)ofwidthdFor<>d(PhysicalOptics)usea“wave”descriptionsingleanddoubleslits,interference,diffraction7第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识Reflectionataninterface

5、Anglesmeasuredfromsurfacenormal;incidentangle’LawofReflection=’Question:Whatisthedirectionofthereflectedray?8第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识Problem:WhatisthedirectionofthereflectedrayPutitonthemoon!Application?CornerCube40o40o50o50o40o9第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识12n1n2takenfromnormalforn2>n1:ra

6、ybendstowardsnormalSnell’sLaw10第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识ThePowerofSnell’sLawh=0.7mmh=1mmSnell’sLawcancalculatethefocalspotoftheglasssphere.Glassspheresareusedtocouplelightintoandfromopticalfibers.UseSnell’slawandthatisall!note:theseraysareNOTparaxial11第一章光学显微镜第0节预备知识ParaxialRaysWewantt

7、osimplifytheendresultsoflightrayphysicsWeassumeinthefollowingequationsthatlightraysmakesmallangleswiththe“opticaxis”opticaxis1deg:sin(30.5mrad)30.5E-35deg:sin(.873rad)0.87210deg:sin(.175rad)0.17415degsin(.262rad)0.25930deg:sin(.524rad).545deg:sin(.785rad).70712第一章光学显微镜R

8、efractionataSurfaceforparaxialrays(i.e.smallangle,<15deg):Rn1n2sosi1