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1、PlantandDiseasePlantsmakeupthemajorityoftheearth'slivingenvironmentastrees,grass,flowers,andsoon.Directlyorindirectly,plantsalsomakeupallthefoodonwhichhumansandallanimalsdepend.Eventhemeat,milk,andeggsthatweandothercarnivoreseatcomefromanimalsthatdependonp
2、lantsfortheirfood.Plantsaretheonlyhigherorganismsthatcanconverttheenergyofsunlightintostored,usablechemicalenergyincarbohydrates,proteins,andfats.Allanimals,includinghumans,dependontheseplantsubstancesforsurvival.Plants,whethercultivatedorwild,growandprodu
3、cewellaslongasthesoilprovidesthemwithsufficientnutrientsandmoisture,sufficientlightreachestheirleaves,andthetemperatureremainswithinacertainnnormalrange.Plants,however,alsogetsick.Sickplantsgrowandproducepoorly,theyexhibitvarioustypeofsymptoms,andoftenpart
4、sofplantsorwholeplantsdie.Itisnotknownwhetherdiseasedplantsfeelpainordiscomfort.Theagentsthatcausediseaseinplantsarethesameorverysimilartothosecausingdiseaseinhuman,andanimals.Theyincludepathogenicmicroorganisms,suchasviruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoa,andnem
5、atodes,andunfavorableenvironmentalconditions,suchaslackorexcessofnutrients,moisture,andlight,andthepresenceoftoxicchemicalsinairorsoil.Plantsalsosufferfromcompetitionwithother,unwantedplants(weeds),and,ofcoursetheyareoftendamagedbyattacksofinsects・Plantdam
6、agecausedbyinsects,humans,orotheranimalsisnotusuallyincludedinthestudyofplantpathology・Plantpathologyisthestudyoftheorganismsandoftheenvironmentalfactorsthatcausediseaseinplants;ofthemechanismsbywhichthesefactorsinducediseaseinplants:andofhemethodsofpreven
7、tingorcontrollingdiseasedreducingthedamageitcauses.Plantpathologyisforplantslargelywhatmedicineisforhumansandveterinarymedicineisforanimals.Eachdisciplinestudiesthecauses,mechanisms,andcontrolofdiseasesaffectingtheorganismswithwhichitdeals,i.e.,plants,huma
8、ns,andanimals,respectively.Plantpathologyisanintegrativescienceandprofessionthatusesandcombinesthebasicknowledgeofbotany,mycology,bacteriology,virology,nematology,plantanatomy,plantphysiology,genetics,molecul
