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1、TheoreticalIntroductiontoProgrammingBruceMillsTheoreticalIntroductiontoProgrammingWith29FiguresBruceMills,BEng,BSc,PhDBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005926335ISBN-1
2、0:1-84628-021-4Printedonacid-freepaperISBN-13:978-1-84628-021-4©Springer-VerlagLondonLimited2006Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced
3、,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbesenttothepubl
4、ishers.Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantlawsandregula-tionsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtothea
5、ccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica(SPI/SBA)987654321SpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringeronline.comvPrefaceThisbookisorganisedintoalargenumb
6、erofbrief,self-containedentries.Admittedly,thereisnosuchthingasaself-containedentry.Forexam-ple,youneedsomeknowledgeofEnglishtounderstandthisparagraph.But,theprincipleisthateachentry,ofoneortwopages,isaconceptualwholeaswellasapartofagreaterwhole(seenote20)inthesamew
7、aythatacarhasfourwholewheels,andnoteighthalfwheels.Someentriesareintendedtodemonstrateatechnique,orintroduceanhistoricallycontingentfactsuchastheactualsyntaxofacontemporarylanguage,orinthiscase,aspecificissueregardingthisbook.Othersareintendedtoillustrateamoreeternal
8、truth.Theymaybeaboutacontemporarylanguage,butstressaphilosophicalpositionorbroadlybasedattitude.BothoftheseIhavecallednotions.Finally,ther