一语习得和教案

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1、I.Firstlanguageacquisition1.FirstlanguageacquisitionandbehaviourismBeforethe1960s,thestudyofchildlanguagewasdominatedmainlybythe“behaviourist"approachtolanguageandlearning.Thebest-knownproponentofthisapproachwasB・F.Skinner.ThetitleofoneofSkinner^majorbooks,VerbalBehaviour(195

2、7),capturestheessenceofthebehaviouristapproachtolanguage*Languageisnotamentalphenomenon:itisbehaviounLikeotherformsofhumanbehaviour,itislearntbyaprocessofhabit-formation9inwhichthemaincomponentsare:1)Thechildimitatesthesoundsandpatternswhichhehearsaroundhim;2)Peoplerecognizet

3、hechild，sattemptsasbeingsimilartotheadultmodelsandreinforce(reward)thesounds,byapprovalofsomeotherdesirablereaction;3)Inordertoobtainmoreoftheserewards，thechildrepeatsthesoundsandpatterns,sothatthesebecomehabits;4)Inthiswaythechild，sverbalbehaviourisconditioned(or"shaped”)unt

4、ilthehabitscoincidewiththeadultmodels*Thehabit・formationprocessisessentiallythesameaswhenapigeon^behaviourisshaped,sothatitpecksatthecorrectdiscsinordertoobtainfood.Withinthisframework,thechildlownutteranceswerenotseenaspossessingasystemintheirownrightTheywereseenasafaultyver

5、sionofadultspeech^The"mistakes”weresimplytheresultofimperfectlearning:theprocessofhabit-formationhadnotyethadtimetorunitsfullcourse.2.InadequaciesofthebehaviouristapproachThebehaviouristviewoffirstlanguageacquisitionwasstronglychallengedfromthe1960sonwards,especiallyunderthei

6、nfluenceofNoamChomsky^linguistictheoriesandcognitivepsychology.1)Thebasicviewoflanguageisnolongeracceptable.Languageisnotmerely“verbalbehaviour”.Underlyingtheactualbehaviourthatweobserve,thereisacomplexsystemofrules.Theseenablespeakerstocreateandunderstandaninfinitenumberofse

7、ntences,mostofwhichtheyhaveneverencounteredbefore.ThiscreativitywouldnotbepossibleifwehadtorelyonindividualbitsoflearntbehaviounItisonlypossiblebecausewehaveinternalizedtheunderlyingsystemofrules.Theknowledgeoftheserulesisourlinguistic"competence”，whichisdifferentfromthe"perf

8、ormance"thatwecanactuallyobserve.2)Whatchildrenlearn,then,isanabstra