戴炜栋语言学名词解释

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1、·Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.3.appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignan

2、dsecondlanguages.4.prescriptive:Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay).5.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleac

3、tuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(09C)6.synchronicstudy:Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(06C/04)7.diachronicstudy:It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(06C)8.langue:Lange

4、referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole :Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence :Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）linguisticcompetence:universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhuma

5、nlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.competence有什么区别？？11.performance :Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language :Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicat

6、ion.13.designfeatures :Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(08C)15.productivity:Languageiscreativeint

7、hatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.16.duality（doublearticulation）:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremove

8、dfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(regardlessoftimeorspace)(04)18.culturaltransmission:Thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofanylanguag