戴炜栋名词解释打印？[1]

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1、·Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.3.appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.4.prescript

2、ive:Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay).5.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(09C)6.synchronicstudy

3、:Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(06C/04)7.diachronicstudy:It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(06C)8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole 

4、:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence :Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）linguisticcompetence:universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.competence有什么区别？？1

5、1.performance :Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language :Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures :Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbit

6、rariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(08C)15.productivity:Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.16.duality（doublearticulation）:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whic

7、hismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(regardlessoftimeorspace)(04)18.culturaltransmission:Thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofanylanguag