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1、1.Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityLangue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.2.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.3.Synchronic:akindo
2、fdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind4.Arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.5.Duality:onedesi
3、gnfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.Levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsan
4、dconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.7.Competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.8.Prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.Prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoug
5、httobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.10.Assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.11.Connota
6、tion:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.12.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.13.Sense:theliteralmean
7、ingofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.14.Linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,i.e.languagedeterminesthought.15.Parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).1.Interlinguage:thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlan
8、guagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,i.e.t
