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1、外文翻译TourismdevelopmentinsmallislandsacrosstheworldMaterialSource:GeografiskaAnnalerSeriesB:HumanGeography;2003,Vol.85Issue4,p231-242,12p,2ChartsAuthor:McElroy,JeromeL.ThisstudydevelopstheTourismPenetrationIndexandappliesitto51islands.TheresultsconfirmthemostpenetratedcompriseCaribbea
2、n,MediterraneanandNorthernPacificislandstypifiedbylargeresorts,crowding,shortstaysandthereplacementofman-madeattractionsforlostamenities.TheleastpenetratedislandscomprisemainlyPacificandIndianOceandestinationscharacterizedbysmallfacilities,longstaysandlimitedinfrastructure.Theinterme
3、diateislandsprimarilyfallintotwogroups:Caribbeanislandsadvancingtothehigh-densitystage,andotherdestinationsexperiencingrapidgrowthandresourceconflicts.Thestudyconcludeswithplanningimplicationsandsuggestionsforfurtherresearch.Thepostwarhistoryofsmallislandshasbeenmarkedbytwofavorabled
4、evelopmentfactors:themarchofdecolonizationandtheglobalspreadofinternationaltourism.However,muchofthisgrowthhasbeenoverlyrapid,unplannedandintrusiveandhasdamagedinsularecosystems(Briguglioetal,1996).IntheCaribbean,tourismexpansionhasdirectlyorindirectlycauseddeforestationanderosionofu
5、plandforestsforcondominiumdevelopmentsandroad-works,aswellasbeachloss,lagoonpollutionandreefdamagefromsandmining,dredgingandboatanchoring(McElroyanddeAlbuquerque,1998).Nearly30%ofthereefsareathighriskduetorunoffanddischargesofuntreatedmunicipalandhotelwaste,andpollutionfrompleasureya
6、chtsandcruiseships(Bryantetal.,1998).Partlyasaresult,since1985fishcatchesareoffnearly50percentingrosstonnage(UNEP,1999b).Sincetourism’sbio-culturalbaseisindeclineacrosstheislandworld,andbecauseofthecontinuedpressuresfromincreasedglobalizationexpectedforthefuture(UNEP,2002),researcher
7、shavecalledforgreener,lowerdensitytourismstylesandhavebeguntoexplorethecausesofthispolicyfailure.Avarietyofstructuralandinstitutionalfactorshavebeensuggested(McElroy,2002).CarryingcapacityhasbeenapolicyconcerninmallislandspursuingamasstourismstrategyparticularlysincetheappearanceofBu
8、tler’s(1980)
