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1、TextWhat’sinaName?1Todayit'sonlytheexceedinglyfamouswhoareknownbyjustonename,butevenSting,CherandMadonnastartedlifewithasurname.InEnglandalonetherearearound45,000differentsurnames.Butpriorto1000ADinBritain,everyonewasknownbythegivennameonly,orperhapstheirnickname.Text2Differentareasoftheworld
2、adoptedsurnamesatdifferentperiodsintime.TheChinesewereamongthefirstpeopletousefamilynamestohonourtheirparentsfromabout2800BC.InEurope,theRomansstartedcallingpeoplebytheirgivennameandfamilynameinLatinfrom300BC,butitwasn'tcommonpracticethroughoutEuropeuntilthe10thor11thcentury,whenfirst,thelord
3、sandgentry,thenmiddle-classcitizens,andfinallyeveryoneusedsurnames.TextThenecessityforsurnamesarosewhenthepopulationbegantogrow.Suddenlytherewasmorethanonepersonwiththesamenameinavillage,sosurnameswereused.Generally,thesesurnameswerenothandeddowntothenextgeneration,butafterthefalloftheRomanEm
4、pire,Irelandwasoneofthefirstcountriestoadopthereditarysurnames,andIrishsurnamesarefoundasearlyasthe10thcentury.Text3Ascommunitiesgrew,itbecamenecessarytoidentifyresidentsmorespecificallywithanamewhichreferredtoadominantfeaturesuchasaphysicalattribute,anoccupation,oraplaceoforigin.Thisledtonam
5、eslikeJohntheButcher,WilliamtheShort,HenryfromSutton,MaryoftheWood,andRoger,sonofRichard.Text4AftertheNormanConquestofEngland,thenewrulers(fromNormandyinnorthernFrance)oftherealmobligedpeopletoadoptfixedsurnamesforadministrativereasons,asaformofregistrationforthecensusandfortaxation.Gradually
6、,mostSaxonandCelticnamesvanished(Oslaf,Oswald,Oswin–OsmeaningGod),andweseenameslikeCarpenter,Thatcher,CookandBaker,Hill,Forest.Anymanwholefthishomeandmovedtoanotherpartofthecountrywouldbecalledbytheplacewherehecamefrom,egJohnofYork,andotherimmigrantsfromIreland,HighlandScotlandandWales(whenit
7、becamepartofGreatBritainin1536)adoptedtheEnglishsystemofsurnames.Text5Surnamesfromplacesweremostcommon.Infact,morethanhalfofEnglishsurnamestodayderivefromgeographicdescriptions:Bedford,Berkley,Hampshirecouldhavebeennamesgiventopeoplewhomigrat
