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1、第一讲翻译的语境视角0.1.语境，即语言环境指的是运用语言进行交际的具体场合。0.2.根据交际的原则，语言交际必须切合语言环境。0.3・当代西方翻译学常“把翻译视为重新语境化(recontextualization)”的过程。0.4.一词多义的语言现象对于语境有着较大依赖关系，因此也有人将英语这种一词多义的语言称为语境依赖性语言(contextdependentlanguage)o0.5.这种一词一义的词汇特征就使得汉语词汇对上下文的依赖性要比英语小得多，独立性也大得多。0.6.语境因素可分为九种主要类型。1・1语篇1.1.1.语篇语境(t
2、extualcontext),也可称为语言语境(linguisticcontext内语境(internalcontext),指词语在语篇状态下所处的语言环境。1.1・2.七个特征：衔接性(cohesion)＞连贯性(coherence)、意图性(intentionality)>可接受性(acceptability)>信息性(informativity)、情境性(situationality)和互文性(intertextuality)1.1・3・五种衔接方式，即指称(reference)＞替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsi
3、s)、连接(conjunction)和词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)1.1.4.语篇语境有近境（immediatecontext指特定语言成分的前言后语）和远境（remotecontext指特定词语与相关词语在语篇中的空间距离较远）之分。例如:1・・..andIamcertainIheardalaugh,andastrangeone.(Bronte,1847/1996:184)1.Shekissedme,andIher,...(op.(D我肯定听到一声笑，而且是一声怪笑。(上海译文版《简谖》:15力(0她吻了我，我也吻了她。2.
4、Theafternoonwaswetandsomewhatmisty:...(twoparagraphsomitted)Iwasstiffwithlongsitting,andbewilderedwiththenoiseandmotionofthecoach:gatheringmyfaculties,Ilookedaboutme.Rain，wind,anddarknessfilledtheair;...wewentupabroadpebblypath,splashingwet、andwereadmittedatadoor;thenthese
5、rvantledmethroughapassageintoaroomwithafire,wheresheleftmealone.(Bronte,1847/1996:74-75)原译:下午潮湿有点儿雾。坐了那么久，四肢都僵了，又给马车的声音和颠动弄得迷迷糊糊；等到恢复正常以后，我向四下里看了看。空an气中充满了风、雨、和黑暗;•…我们走上了一条宽阔的石子路，溅着水往前走，…（上海译文版《简•爱》：37-3$1.Theairwasclammycold,andforallthetightlyclosedwindowsitpenetratedthe
6、interiorofthecoach・Theleatherseatsfeltdamptothehands,andtheremusthavebeenasmallcrackintheroof,becausenowandagainlittledripsofrainfellsoftlythrough,smudgingtheleatherandleavingadark-bluestainlikeasplodgeofink.Thewindcameingusts,attimesshakingthecoachasittravelledroundtheben
7、doftheroad,andintheexposedplacesonthehighgrounditblewwithsuchforcethatthewholebodyofthecoachtrembledandswayed,rockingbetweenthehighwheelslikeadrunkenman.Thedriver^muffledinagreatcoattohisears,bentalmostdoubleinhisseatinafaintendeavourtogainshelterfromhisownshoulders,whilet
8、hedispiritedhorsesploddedsullenlytohiscommand,toobrokenbythewindandtheraintofeelthewhipth
