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1、外文翻译原文InnovationpracticeanditsperformanceMaterialSource:StrategicManagementJournal31:892–902(2010)Author：MileTerziovskiINTRODUCTIONSmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs)aredifferentfromlargeorganizations.ThesedifferencesprimarilyrelatetosuchdefiningSMEcharacteristics
2、asareactive,fire-fightingmentality,resourcelimitations,informalstrategies,andflexiblestructures(Hudson,Smart,andBourne,2001;QianandLi,2003).Asaconsequence,theytendtohaveafailureratehigherthanthatoflargeorganizations.TheUnitedStatesSmallBusinessAdministration(S
3、BA)foundthat24percentofallnewbusinessesintheUnitedStatesfailedwithintwoyears,andthat63percentfailedwithinsixyears(WheelenandHunger,1999).LuandBeamish(2001)observedsimilarfailureratesinAustralia,theUnitedKingdom,Japan,Taiwan,andHongKong.WheelenandHunger(1999)fo
4、undthehighfailureratetobelargelyduetoinformalstrategicplanningprocessesandalackofsystemstokeeptrackoftheSMEs’performance.SMEsinthemanufacturingsectorarealsoconfrontedwithincreasedcompetitionfromcheapermanufacturedproductsfromsuchcountriesaschinaandIndia(Bessan
5、tandTidd,2007),andareconsequentlystrugglingtodevelopappropriatestrategiesforcompetingwiththem.InlightoftheSBA’sfindingsnotedearlier,itisreasonabletoassumethatSMEsneedtoformalizetheirstructuresandsystemsinordertobecomemorecompetitive(BessantandTidd,2007),yetalo
6、ng-runningdebatehasbeentakingplaceintheinnovationliteratureontherelativestrengthsandweaknessesofformalityandinformalityinSMEs(WheelenandHunger,1999;QianandLi,2003).ThesupportersofformalityhavearguedthatSMEsneedtoimprovetheirorganizationalcapabilitiesbyformaliz
7、ingtheirstructuresandsystemsinordertobecomemoreefficient(BessantandTidd,2007;PrakashandGupta,2008).Innovationinthemanufacturingsectorgenerallyfocusesonprocessimprovements,forwhichformalstructuresandsystemsarenecessarytosqueezecostsout,andlargemanufacturingfirm
8、shavegenerallysucceededwiththisstrategybyfocusingonprocessimprovement(WheelenandHunger,1999;BessantandTidd,2007).7Firstly，Supportersofinformality,however,arguethatSMEsdonotneedtofo
