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1、完形填空说明文【2016·上海高考真题】Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.In
2、anycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultur
3、eshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.Manywesterncompaniesha
4、vetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiativ
5、e,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcont
6、actwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.An
7、othertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.1.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike2
8、.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme3.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise4.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above5.A.replacin
