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1、2019-2020年高中英语Unit1AlandofdiversityCalifornia-history素材新人教版选修8Settledbysuccessivewavesofarrivalsduringthelast10,000years,Californiawasoneofthemostculturallyandlinguisticallydiverseareasinpre-ColumbianNorthAmerica;theareawasinhabitedbymorethan70distinctgroupsofNativeAme
2、ricans.Large,settledpopulationslivedonthecoastandhuntedseamammals,fishedforsalmon,andgatheredshellfish,whilegroupsintheinteriorhuntedterrestrialgameandgatherednuts,acorns,andberries.Californiagroupsalsowerediverseintheirpoliticalorganizationwithbands,tribes,villages,an
3、dontheresource-richcoasts,largechiefdoms,suchastheChumash,PomoandSalinan.Trade,intermarriage,andmilitaryalliancesfosteredmanysocialandeconomicrelationshipsamongthediversegroups.ThefirstEuropeantoexplorethecoastasfarnorthastheRussianRiverwasthePortugueseJoãoRodriguesCab
4、rilho,in1542,sailingfortheSpanishEmpire.Some37yearslater,theEnglishexplorerFrancisDrakealsoexploredandclaimedanundefinedportionoftheCaliforniacoastin1579.SpanishtradersmadeunintendedvisitswiththeManilaGalleonsontheirreturntripsfromthePhilippinesbeginningin1565.Sebastiá
5、nVizcaínoexploredandmappedthecoastofCaliforniain1602forNewSpain.Spanishmissionariesbegansettinguptwenty-oneCaliforniaMissionsalongthecoastofwhatbecameknownasAltaCalifornia(UpperCalifornia),togetherwithsmalltownsandpresidios.ThefirstmissioninAltaCaliforniawasestablished
6、atSanDiegoin1769.[9]In1821,theMexicanWarofIndependencegaveMexico(includingCalifornia),independencefromSpain;forthenexttwenty-fiveyears,AltaCaliforniaremainedaremotenorthernprovinceofthenationofMexico.Cattleranches,orranchos,emergedasthedominantinstitutionsofMexicanCali
7、fornia.AfterMexicanindependencefromSpain,thechainofmissionsbecamethepropertyoftheMexicangovernmentandweresecularizedby1832.TheranchosdevelopedunderownershipbyCalifornios(Spanish-speakingCalifornians)whohadreceivedlandgrantsandtradedcowhidesandtallowwithBostonmerchants.
8、Beginninginthe1820s,trappersandsettlersfromtheUnitedStatesandCanadabegantoarriveinNorthernCalifornia,harbingersoftheg