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1、外文翻译原文PurchasingMustBecomeSupplyManagementMaterialSource:HarvardBusinessSchoolAuthor:PeterKraljicWheneveramanufacturermustprocureavolumeofcriticalitemscompetitivelyundercomplexconditions,supplymanagementisrelevant.Thegreatertheuncertaintyofsupplierrelationships,technologicaldevelopments
2、,and/orphysicalavailabilityofthoseitems,themoreimportantsupplymanagementbecomes.Acompany’sneedforasupplystrategydependsontwofactors:(1)thestrategicimportanceofpurchasingintermsofthevalueaddedbyproductline,thepercentageofrawmaterialsintotalcostsandtheirimpactonprofitability,andsoon;And(2
3、)thecomplexityofthesupplymarketgaugedbysupplyscarcity,paceoftechnologyand/ormaterialssubstitution,entrybarriers,logisticscostorcomplexity,andmonopolyoroligopolyconditions(seeExhibitI).Byassessingthecompany’ssituationintermsofthestwovariables,topmanagementandseniorpurchasingexecutivescan
4、determinethetypeofsupplystrategythecompanyneedsbothtoexploititspurchasingpowervis-á-visimportantsuppliersandtoreduceitsriskstoanacceptableminimum.Attractivenewoptions,orseriousvulnerabilities,orboth,maycometolightastheassessmentexploresquestionslikethese:1.Isthecompanymakinggooduseofopp
5、ortunitiesforconcertedactionamongdifferentdivisionsand/orsubsidiaries?Combiningthesupplyrequirementsofdifferentdivisionscanincreasethecorporation’stotalbuyingclout.Oneinternationaltransportationcompanywasbuyingthreekindsoffuelseparately:bunkeroilforshipping,jetfuelforairfreight,andgasol
6、inefortrucks.Onlyafterconsolidatingandcombiningthesevolumesatthecorporatelevelcouldthecompanybringitstruebargainingweighttobear.2.Canthecompanyavoidanticipatedsupplybottlenecksandinterruptions?Whenanautomotivepartsmakeranalyzeditssinteredmetalcomponentssupplymarket,fromwhichithadbeensou
7、rcingforyears,itdiscoveredthatpoliticalinstabilitywasjeopardizingitssupply.Thecompany’stopmanagementpromptlyorderedachangeinpurchasingpolicytobuildupalternativedomesticsources.3.Howmuchriskisacceptable?Vendormix,extentofcontractual6coverage,regionalspreadofsupplysources,andavai
