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1、外文翻译原文Port-centriclogisticsMaterialSource:www.nbdl.gov.cnAuthor:JohnManganandChandraLalwani1.PortsandsupplychainsPortsandmaritimetransporthaveexistedforsomethousandsofyearsandhavedevelopedinlinewiththeevolutionofInternationaltradewhichhasbeeninherentinshapingthemodernworld.S
2、ome6billiontonesoffreightmovesbymaritimetransporteachyearandisestimatedtocomprise45percentliquidbulks,23percentdrybulksand32percentgeneralcargo.Totalfreightmovementsvaryaccordingtoregion,commodityandfreightorigin/destination.AccordingtotheWorldBank(2001),therearemorethan2,00
3、0portsaroundtheworld,fromsingleberthlocationshandlingafewhundredtonesayeartosomeoftheworld’slargestportssuchasShanghai,SingaporeandRotterdam,whichindividuallyhandlemultiplesofthis(inthecaseofShanghai,forexample,the2005estimateis443millionmetrictonesAmericanAssociationofPortA
4、uthorities,2005).Portsandmaritimetransportthusplayanimportantroletodayinglobalcommerce.Itisimportanttofirstdefineexactlywhatismeantbytheterm“port”.AccordingtoStopford(1997),aportis“ageographicalareawhereshipsarebroughtalongsidelandtoloadanddischargecargo–usuallyasheltereddee
5、pwaterareasuchasabayofrivermouth”.Oftenportscomprisemultipleterminals,aterminalbeing“asectionoftheportconsistingofoneormoreberthsdevotedtoaparticulartypeofcargohandling”.Portshandlevariousdifferentcategoriesoffreight.Maritimefreightistypicallyclassifiedas:liquidbulk(themosts
6、ignificantsub-categoryhereisoil),drybulk(suchascoalandsomeagriculturalproducts),unitisedfreight(whichcomprisesbothlift-on/lift-offcontainers,i.e.Lo-Loandroll-on/roll-offunits,i.e.Ro-Ro),andothergeneralfreight.Someportshandleallcategoriesoffreight,whileothersfocusonparticular
7、categories;differenttypesofhandlingequipmentatportsareusuallyrequiredforthesedifferentcategoriesoffreight.Robinsonsuggeststhat:theroleofportsandthewayinwhichportspositionthemselvesmustbedefinedwithinaparadigmofportsaselementsinvalue-drivenchainsystems,notsimplyasplaceswithpa
8、rticular,ifcomplex,functions.Reflecting7widerlogisticsandsupplychainmanagem
