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1、African-AmericanCivilRightsMovementAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement(1955-1968)TheAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement(1955-1968)referstothereformmovementsintheUnitedStates,particularlyintheSouth,aimedatabolishingracialdiscriminationofAfricanAmerican
2、s.By1966,theemergenceoftheBlackPowerMovement,whichlastedroughlyfrom1966to1975,enlargedandgraduallyeclipsedtheaimsoftheCivilRightsMovementtoincluderacialdignity,economicandpoliticalself-sufficiency,andfreedomfromWhitedomination.Manyofthosewhowereactive
3、intheCivilRightsMovement,withorganizationssuchasNAACP,andSCLC,prefertheterm"SouthernFreedomMovement"becausethestrugglewasaboutfarmorethanjustcivilrightsunderlaw;itwasalsoaboutfundamentalissuesoffreedom,respect,dignity,andeconomicandsocialequality.Mont
4、gomeryBusBoycottInthe1950stheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeoplewasinvolvedinthestruggletoendsegregationonbusesandtrains.In1952segregationoninter-staterailwayswasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourt.Thiswasfollowedin1954byasimilar
5、judgmentconcerninginterstatebuses.However,statesintheDeepSouthcontinuedtheirownpolicyoftransportsegregation.Thisusuallyinvolvedwhitessittinginthefrontandblackssittingnearesttothefronthadtogiveuptheirseatstoanywhitesthatwerestanding.AfricanAmericanpeop
6、lewhodisobeyedthestate'stransportsegregationpolicieswerearrestedandfined.On1stDecember,1955,RosaParks,amiddle-agedtailor'sassistantfromMontgomery,Alabama,whowastiredafterahardday'swork,refusedtogiveupherseattoawhiteman.RosaParkshavingherfingerprintsta
7、ken afterherarreston1stDecember,1955.Afterherarrest,MartinLutherKingJr.,apastoratthelocalBaptistChurch,helpedorganizeprotestsagainstbussegregation.Hewasjoinedbyothercampaignersforcivilrights,includingRalphDavidAbernathy,EdgarNixonandBayardRustin.Thegr
8、oupwaspersuadedbyJoAnnRobinson,oftheWomen'sPoliticalCouncil,thattheyshouldlaunchabusboycott.TheideabeingthattheblackpeopleinMontgomeryshouldrefusetousethebusesuntilpassengerswerecompletelyintegrated.Kingwasarrestedandhishousewasfire-bombed.Oth
