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1、CULTURE,VOICEANDDEVELOPMENT:APRIMERFORTHEUNSUSPECTINGAshisNandyIttooktwentyyearsfortwobillionpeopletodefinethemselvesasunderdeveloped.IvanIllichquotedbyA.EscobarfromadocumentaryDevelopment,asinThirdWorldDevelopment,isadebauchedword,awhoreofaword.Itsuserscan’tlookyouintheface.
2、..Itisanemptywordwhichcanbefilledbyanyusertoconcealanyintention,aTrojanhorseofaword.Itimpliesthatwhatisdonetopeoplebythosemorepowerfulthanthemselvesistheirfate,theirpotential,theirfault.LeonardFrank"TheDevelopmentGame"THEMEANINGOFCULTUREIntheglobalpubliccultureofourtimes&dquo
3、;culture&dquo;hasbecomeanamoebaword.Itcantakeanyshapeandconveyanymeaning-fromhighfashiontoobscurantism,fromentertainmenttoclassstatus.Thisisnotparticularlysurprising.Evenwithinculturalanthropology,adisciplineself-consciouslyengagedinthescientificstudyofculture,therearenowdoze
4、nsofmeaningsoftheword&dquo;culture&dquo;.Usually,however,whenthearticulatemiddleclassesandthemassmediainthethird-worldsocietiestalkofculture,theyhaveitstwo12predominantmeaningsinmind.Andhowevertextbookishandcliche-riddenthesemeaningsmaysound,anydiscussionofcultureanddevelopme
5、ntmustgrapplewiththem.’Meaningstodayareaformofpolitics,too.CULTUREASRESOURCEThefirstmeaningofculturecomesintoplaywhenwegotoanartexhibi-tion,stageperformanceormuseum,havinginmindaconcrete,packageable,distinctive,publicexpressionofacommunity’sartisticself.Themeaningpre-sumestha
6、tthisselfcanbeseen,appreciatedandstudiedbybothinsidersandoutsiders,usuallyasaleisure-timeactivitybutsometimes,asinthecaseofthepublicperformersandartcritics,asaprofession.Whenitbecomesaprofessionandwhenaprofessionalfromadevelopedsocietybeginstotakeinterestintheartisticandcultu
7、ralresourcesofan&dquo;underdeveloped&dquo;society,itofcoursenolongerremainsapurelyartisticperformanceorartcriticism;itbecomesethnomusicology,ethnomuseologyorexpertiseinethnicarts.Inthismeaning,cultureisfirstseparatedfromeverydaylifeandviewedasaformofcultivationorentertainment
8、orasasumofseriousexpressiveforms.Itisthenre-incorporatedintoeveryday
