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1、Unit1Introduction1.2Whatislinguistics?Outline1.Definition2.Thescopeoflinguistics3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.DefinitionLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Scientific:systematicinvestigationItanswers:Whatislanguage?Whatdoalllanguageshavein
2、common?Whatmakeslanguagechange?Whatrangeofvariationisfoundamonglanguages?Towhatextentaresocialclassdifferencesreflectedinlanguage?(戴炜栋、何兆熊，2010:1)2.Thescopeoflinguistics2.1PhoneticsItstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,tran
3、smittedandreceived,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.2.2PhonologyItstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.2.Thescopeoflinguistics2.3MorphologyItisconcernedw
4、iththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning---morphemesandword-formationprocesses.2.4SyntaxItisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax.2.Thescopeoflinguistics2.5Semantic
5、sItexamineshowmeaningisencodedinlanguage2.6PragmaticsItisthestudyofmeaningincontext.2.Thescopeoflinguistics2.7PsycholinguisticsItinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.2.8SociolinguisticsItisthestudy
6、ofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersastheseconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.2.Thescopeoflinguistics2.9AnthropologicallinguisticsItisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity,e.g.
7、itstraditions,beliefs,andfamilystructure(Richardsetal.,2000:22).2.10ComputationallinguisticsItisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage(alsoknownas“naturallanguage”,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages).2.Thescopeoflinguisti
8、cs2.11HistoricallinguisticsItstudieschangestolanguageovertime(Poole,1999:7)
