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1、WhyfeelingguiltymaymakeyouabetterbossEveryNovemberit'sthesame.Incountlessoffices,factoriesandshops,thebossisaskingforavolunteer.SomeoneneedstoorganisetheChristmasparty.Ifsnotabigjob,recentjoinersareassured.Youjustneedtofindavenue・nothingspecial,justsomewherethatcatersfo
2、rvegans,camivores,thewheat-intolerantandthoseondiets.Withatleastfourpricingoptions.Youwillneedtotaketheorderstotherestaurant・makesuretheydon'tmessthemuporyouwillgettheblame・Andasforthemoneyforthedeposit,well,yourcolleaguesshouldpayyoubackbyChristmasthisyearor,failingtha
3、t,Christmasnextyear.ButalthoughorganisingtheofficeChristmaspartyisoftenathanklesschore,someonealwaysvolunteerstodoit.ThiswasexactlythekindofsituationthatintriguedRebeccaSchaumberg,agraduatestudentatStanfordUniversity'sSchoolofBusiness."Whywouldpeopletakechargeinagroupsi
4、tuationwhenthere'snotreallyanincentivetodoso?Westartedthinkingmaybetheyjustfeelreallyguiltyaboutnotdoingit."Manypsychologistsbelievewevarywidelyintheextentwhichwearesusceptibletofeelingsofguilt,andthattheemotioncanbeaspurtoaction.SomepeoplestaylateonaFridaynighttofinish
5、apieceofwork,knowingtheywon'tenjoytheirweekendunlesstheydo.Otherpeoplegohomeandwatchamovie."Theemotionisreallyuncomfortableandit'ssomethingthatwetendtowanttogetridofbutthedrivetoreduceourfeelingsofguiltcanactuallypropelustoactinreallypositiveways,"saysSchaumberg."Ifstha
6、tsortofanticipationoffeelingguiltthatmightleadindividualstoemergeortakeonleadershiproles."SheandhercolleaguesconductedexperimentswithvolunteersintheUS.Theparticipantswereaskedtofilloutaquestionnairecontaininganumberofhypotheticalseenarios,suchas"Youaredrivingdowntheroad
7、,andyouhitasmallanimal."Eachscenariowasfollowedbyarangeofemotionalresponsesandtheparticipantshadtoselectonethatmatchedhowtheywouldfeel.ThisallowedSchaumbergandhercolleaguestogaugetheir"guiltproneness".Theparticipantswerethenaskedtocompletegrouptasksinwhichtheyhadanoppor
8、tunity,butnorealincentive,totakecharge.Itbecameclearthatthehighersomeone'slevelofguiltproneness,themorelikelyh
