ch02_Biological and Environmental Foundat

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1、DevelopmentThroughtheLifespanChapter2BiologicalandEnvironmentalFoundationsThismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw.Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw:Anypublicperformanceordisplay,includingtransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork;Preparationofanyderivativework,includingtheex

2、traction,inwholeorinpart,ofanyimages;Anyrental,lease,orlendingoftheprogram.Copyright©Allyn&Bacon2007GenotypesandPhenotypesGenotypeGeneticmake-upofanindividualPhenotypeObservablecharacteristicsofanindividualCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007GeneticFoundationsChromosomes–storeandtransmitgeneticinform

3、ationGenes–segmentsofDNAlocatedalongthechromosomesDNA–substanceofwhichgenesandchromosomesaremade.Copyright©Allyn&Bacon2007DNAandMitosisCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007Chromosomes,Cells,andSex:TerminologyAutosomesThe22pairsofchromosomesthatarenotsexchromosomesSexChromosomes23rdpairofchromosomesDet

4、erminessexXX=female,XY=maleGametesSexcells:SpermandovaZygoteSpermandovumunitedCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007TwinsFraternal/DizygoticTwozygotes,orfertilizedovaIdentical/MonozygoticOnezygotethatdividesintotwoindividualsCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007AllelesTwoformsofthesamegeneAppearatthesameplaceonbot

5、hchromosomesinapairOneinheritedfromeachparentHomozygous-thetwoallelesarealikeHeterozygous-theallelesdifferCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007Dominant-RecessiveInheritanceCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007X-LinkedInheritanceCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007IncompleteDominanceandPolygeneticInheritanceIncompleteDominan

6、ceBothallelesofasinglegeneareexpressedResultsincombinedtraitorintermediatebetweenthetwoPolygenicInheritanceManygenescombinetoinfluenceatraitCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007GeneticImprintingandMutationImprintingChemicalmarkerthatactivateseitherfather’sormother’sgeneOftentemporaryMutationSudden,pe

7、rmanentchangeinaDNAsegmentCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007ChromosomalAbnormalitiesDownSyndromeProblemswiththe21stchromosomeSexChromosomeAbnormalitiesProblemswiththeXorYchromosomesCopyright©Allyn&Bacon2007ReproductiveChoicesGeneticcounselingPrenataldiagnosisandfetalme