西方文明基础(英文）

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1、FoundationsofWesternCivilizationTo1000B.C.E.PrehistoricHumanSocietiesThePaleolithic(“OldStone”)Age,c.40,000-c.10,000B.C.E.Hunter-gatherersTrade(e.g.seashells)TechnologyfiremakingboneandstoneweaponsandjewelryArtandreligion:CavepaintingsandfemalefigurinesTheN

2、eolithic(“NewStone”)Revolution,c.10,000-c.4000B.C.E.Transitionfromanomadicexistenceashunter-gathererstomoresettledlifestyleInventionofagricultureDomesticationofanimalsIncreasinglygender-baseddivisionoflaborSpecializedcrafts(metallurgyandweaving)Emergenceofs

3、ocialhierarchy:patriarchalorganizationofstateandsocietywouldbecomethenormintheWestInventionofirrigation(c.6500B.C.E.)facilitatedestablishmentofsettledagriculturalcommunitiesintheFertileCrescentMesopotamia,c.4000-1000B.C.E.(BronzeAge)TheTigrisandEuphratesFl

4、oodcontrolandirrigationTrade,migration,movementofarmiesTheWest’sfirstlarge-scalecivilizationCitiescontaininglargepublicbuildingsCropdiversificationanddiversecraftsOrganizedcentralgovernmentsWritingReligionandMythologyPolytheisticreligiousbeliefreflectedhars

5、hnessofwarandstrugglewithunpredictableenvironmentWar-likegodswhopossessedtotalcontroloverhumanlivesSacrifices,rituals,temples(ziggurats)PowerofpriestsandpriestessesEpicofGilgameshSearchforimmortalitybysemihistoricalKingGilgameshofUrukafterdeathofhisfriendEn

6、kiduRealizesthatonlygodsenjoyimmortality;humansmustcontentthemselveswithfamederivedfromperformingmightydeedsStoryofadevastatingfloodinlaterversionSumerEarliestcitiesinsouthernMesopotamiaAgricultureandtrade(asfarawayasIndia)SumeriansDevelopedthewheelCreatedf

7、irstwritingsystem(cuneiform)DevisedamathematicalsystemandastronomyTheAkkadianEmpire,c.2350-2200B.C.E.World’sfirstempireSargontheGreatconqueredSumeriancitiesandterritorieswestwardtotheMediterranean,inparttoensuremetalsuppliesDestroyedbyinvadingGutiansduringr

8、eignofSargon’sgrandsonTheKingdomofAssyria,c.1900B.C.E.Becamedominantcity-stateduetocontroloftradebetweenAnatoliaandMesopotamiaEncouragementofprivateenterpriseratherthanstatemonopolyTheKingdomofBabylona