2017考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类(8)

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1、凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！2017考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类（8）2017考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类（8）　　Partofthescientificfaithofthelatenineteenthcenturywastheviewthattherewasoneandonlyonescientificmethod.Thismethod，arguedwriterslikeKarlPearsoninhisGrammarofScience，wastheonlysuremethodfora

2、rrivingatknowledgeinanysphere.Themethodwaseasilydescribed：collectthefactsintheareaunderstudy;orderthemintosequences，suchthatlawlikeoccurrencescouldbeseen;then，writedownthelawssoidentified.Accordingtothisview，disciplinesdifferedonlyastosubjectmatter，si

3、ncetheunityofscienceconsistedofitsmethodalone.Also，accordingtothisview，theresultsofscientificinvestigation(thatis，newknowledge)willalwaysbeembodiedintheformofalawconnectingthefactsintheareaunderstudy.　　Explanation，accordingtothisview，issimplyaccountin

4、gforfactsonthebasisofadeductionfromaknownlaworlaws，oraccountingforsomesubordinatelawonthebasisofadeductionfromsomemoregenerallaworlaws.ThemostinfluentialformulationofthisexplanationisCarlGHempel‘s，perhapsmostaccessiblyarticulatedinhisarticle“Explanati

5、oninScienceandHistory”。Sometimes，accordingtoHempel，suchlawsareofastrictlyuniversalformandothertimestheyareofaprobabilisticorstatisticalform.Theyareassertions，inthislattercase，ofthekindthatifcertainspecifiedconditionsarerealizedthenanoccurrenceofsuchan

6、dsuchakindwillcomeaboutwithsuchaprobability.　　Ithinkthatitwouldbetruetosaythatinthelatenineteenthcenturyitwasfeltthatonefeaturedistinguishingphysicsfromhistoryasadisciplinewasthat，eveniftheysharedexactlythesamemethod，physicshadnoneedforthelatterkindof

7、probabilisticexplanation——atleastinprinciple——whileinhistoryitwasunavoidable.　　However，inthetwentiethcentury，whateverelsemaydistinguishphysicsandhistoryasdisciplinesitisnotthatphysicsusesonlystrictlyuniversallawsanddeductiveexplanationsinthenineteenth

8、centurysense，whilehistorydoesnot.Thephysicsofthecentury，from1900onward，hasbeeninterestedinaggregatesofcertainclassesofphysicalindividuals(theparticles)andinaccountsoftheindividualsthatwouldenableonetounderstandtheaggregates.Asaconsequencepartl