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1、5.SyntaxDefinitionl(1)Syntaxisthestudyhowsentencesarestructured.l(2)Thestudyofgrammaticalrelationsbetweenwordsandotherunitswithinthesentence.l(3)Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.China:l古代：公羊传，尹文子，东汉许慎的《说文解字》l
2、近代和现代：马建忠的《马氏文通》(1898)，黎锦熙的《新著国语文化》（1924），吕叔湘的《中国文化要略》（1941），王力的《中国现代语法》（1943），高名凯的《汉语语法论》（1948）l当代：邢公畹，刘叔新，马庆株lWordclasses:Classesandfunctions1.1Classes:thetraditionaltermsforwordclassarepartsofspeech:nouns,verbs,adjectives,etc.DefinitionofclassesofwordsSemanticstandardFormal(morphological)s
3、tandardFunctional(syntactic)standardPrinciplesintheuseofthesestandards:AMeaningplaysanimportantroleinwordclassification,butshouldbeusedalongwithmorphologicalandfunctionalfeatures.BIftherearesomemorphologicalfeatures,usethemfirst.(词法优先)CWhenthereisnomorphologicalfeatures,theclassofawordwillmos
4、tlydecidedbyitsfunction.Examples:Nouns:Lyons:Anymemberofaclassofwordsdistinguishedchieflybyhavingpluralandpossessiveendings,byfunctioningassubjectorobjectinaconstruction,andbydesignatingpersons,places,things,statesorqualities.(1977:425)Verbs:Lyons:Anymemberofaclassofwordsthatfunctionasthemain
5、elementsofpredicates,typicallyexpressactionorstates,maybeinflectedfortense,aspect,voiceandmood,andshowagreementwithsubjectorobject.(1977:425)ProblemswiththedefinitionsASomelanguagesdonothaveinflections.BEveninlanguagesthatdohaveinflectionalwordendings,therearemanywords,nounsandverbs,towhichth
6、esedefinitionsdonotapply.ForexampleinEnglish,manynounsdonothavepluralform,andmanycountablenounsdonothaveregularwordendings.CSyntacticalstandardisalsoproblematic.Forexample,apartfromnouns,wordsofmanyotherpartsofspeechmayfunctionassubjectorobject.15Somethingmore:Classificationofnouns(Basedon沈家煊
7、1995)1）BasedontheirrelationshipwiththeworldAFirstorderentities(thing)BSecondorderentities(ideas)CThirdorderentities(factsandevents)2)BasedontheirsemanticfeaturesAConcreteBAbstract3)BasedontheirsyntacticfeaturesACountableBuncountable4)Basedont
