Cancer Vaccines肿瘤免疫

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1、CancerVaccines癌症疫苗Cancervaccineshavebeenstudiedforseveraldecades,butadvancesinthisfieldhavebeenslowerthanforotherformsofimmunotherapy.Theyarestillmostlyexperimentaltreatmentsatthistime.对癌症疫苗的研究进行了几十年，较其它免疫疗法而言，这个领域的进展可就缓慢的多。目前癌症疫苗通常仍在实验阶段。Mostofusknowaboutvaccinesgivent

2、ohealthypeopleforinfectiousdiseases,suchasmeaslesandmumps.Thesevaccinesuseweakenedorkilledviruses,bacteria,orothergermstostartanimmuneresponseinthebody.Puttingtheimmunesystemonalertagainstthesegermspreventspeoplefrombeinginfectedwiththem.我们都熟悉使健康人们不受传染病侵害的疫苗，如麻疹和腮腺炎疫苗。使

3、用被弱化的或是死亡的病毒、细菌或微生物制造的疫苗启动体内的免疫应答。使人体的免疫系统处在警觉的状态来防止被微生物感染。Some"cancervaccines"aredesignedtoworkthesameway.Forexample,newvaccinesagainstthehumanpapillomavirus(HPV)mayhelppreventwomenfromgettingcervicalcancer,andvaccinesagainsthepatitisBvirus(HBV)maylowersomepeople'srisk

4、ofgettinglivercancer.一些“癌症疫苗”也是仿照这种方式设计的。例如：乳突淋瘤,papilloma病毒疫苗可以帮助女性预防宫颈癌，乙肝病毒疫苗可以降低患肝癌的风险。Butthesevaccinesdon'ttargetcancercells;theytargetvirusesthatcancausethesecancers.Truecancervaccinesarealittledifferent.Insteadofpreventingdisease,theyaremeanttogettheimmunesystemt

5、oattackadiseasethatalreadyexists.但是这些疫苗不将癌细胞作为靶子，而是将导致癌症的病毒作为靶子。真正的癌症疫苗对此有些小小的区别。没有起到防病的作用，而是使免疫系统攻击已经存在的疾病。Acancervaccinecontainscancercells,partsofcells,orpureantigens.Thevaccineincreasestheimmuneresponseagainstcancercellsthatarealreadypresentinthebody.Itmaybecombined

6、withothersubstancesorcellscalledadjuvantsthathelpboosttheimmuneresponseevenfurther.每种癌症疫苗包含癌细胞、或癌细胞的某个部分、或纯粹的抗原。这些疫苗增强了免疫应答来抵抗已经存在于体内的癌细胞。它也可能和其它物质或是细胞结合成为辅助剂，进一步增强免疫应答。Cancervaccinesarethoughtofasactiveimmunotherapiesbecausetheyaremeanttotriggeryourownimmunesystemtores

7、pond.Theyarespecificbecausetheyshouldonlyaffectthecancercells.Vaccinesdon'tjustboosttheimmunesystemingeneral;theycausetheimmunesystemtoattackcellswithoneormorespecificantigens.癌症疫苗被认为是一种积极的免疫疗法，因为它可以激发你自身的免疫系统来工作。他们被称为是特效药，因为他们只杀灭癌细胞。疫苗不仅全面提高免疫系统，而且还使免疫系统攻击哪些带有1个或多个特殊抗原

8、的细胞（癌细胞）。Whilecancervaccineshaveshownsomepromise应答inclinicaltrials临床试验,nonehaveyetbeenapprovedintheUnitedState